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?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Samuel Wells Williams (1848). The Middle kingdom: a survey of the … Chinese empire and its inhabitants .. . Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: Wiley & Putnam . p. 489.
↑ Mark C. Elliott. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China'. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. pp. 290-291. [?]
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 219?229. ISSN 1076?156x . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . {{ cite journal }}: Check |issn= value ( help )
↑ "Manchu-Tungus languages | People, History, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2024-02-02 .
↑ * "History of China" from the University of Maryland web site . Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
↑ ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 21 . ???: ???????? ??? ????????. ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .
↑ ^??? ^??? "Qing dynasty | Definition, History, Map, Time Period, Emperors, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com (?? ???????). 2023-12-25 . Retrieved 2024-02-02 .
↑ * "History of China" from the University of Maryland web site . Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )
↑ "Battle of Fushun" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2023-10-13.
↑ "Battle of Sarh?" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-21.
↑ "Later Jin invasion of Joseon" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-04.
↑ "Qing invasion of Joseon" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-09.

??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[1] Samuel Wells Williams (1848). The Middle kingdom: a survey of the … Chinese empire and its inhabitants .. . Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: Wiley & Putnam . p. 489.

[2] Mark C. Elliott. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China'. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. pp. 290-291. [?]

[3] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF) . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 219?229. ISSN 1076?156x . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . {{ cite journal }}: Check |issn= value ( help )

[4] "Manchu-Tungus languages | People, History, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2024-02-02 .

[5] * "History of China" from the University of Maryland web site . Retrieved on 2010-12-23.

[:1-6] ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 21 . ???: ???????? ??? ????????. ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .

[:0-7] ??? ^??? "Qing dynasty | Definition, History, Map, Time Period, Emperors, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com (?? ???????). 2023-12-25 . Retrieved 2024-02-02 .

[8] * "History of China" from the University of Maryland web site . Retrieved on 2010-12-23.

[:2-9] ??? ^??? ^??? ^??? https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )

[10] "Battle of Fushun" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2023-10-13.

[11] "Battle of Sarh?" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-21.

[12] "Later Jin invasion of Joseon" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-04.

[13] "Qing invasion of Joseon" . Wikipedia (?? ???????). 2024-02-09.

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?????	???????? Migration to Xinjiang ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? World Uyghur Congress China?Kazakhstan relations China?Kyrgyzstan relations China?Pakistan relations China?Turkey relations
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