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????????? ????? ????? ??????? Orient (???? ?? ??? ????) ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?????? "Orient" ???? ?? ???? ????? oriens ??? ?? ????? "???" ? ???? ??????. orior ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???. ^[?]

????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? (Morgenland ^[?] ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? Abendland ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ) ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????.

?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? Orient a ?????? ???????. ^{^{[
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?? ????? ?????? ≪?????????≫ ???? ?? ????? ????? occidens ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

??? ???? (Oriental) ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ≪ ???????? ≫ ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????.

?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ????????. ^[?]

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?? ??????? ?????????? ????? Oriental st Asia (such as ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

?? ???? ?????? ???? Oriental ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ^[?] ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????. ^[?]

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↑ ???????? ???? ? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????
↑ ????? ??? ??? ????? ≪?????????≫ ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? (Die Morgenlandfahrt) ??????? ????????.
↑ Nosal, K R. American Criticism , New York Standard, New York. 2002
↑ "Oriental: Rugs or People?" . nyu.edu . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 .
↑ official 2009 press release ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine

[1] ???????? ???? ? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????

[2] ????? ??? ??? ????? ≪?????????≫ ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? (Die Morgenlandfahrt) ??????? ????????.

[3] Nosal, K R. American Criticism , New York Standard, New York. 2002

[4] "Oriental: Rugs or People?" . nyu.edu . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 .

[5] 2009 press release ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine

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??? ( ???? ??? )	???????? ???????????? ???? Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? China proper ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????-?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? High-mountain Asia ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? Qilian Mountains Hengduan Mountains ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? Hexi Corridor ???? ?????????????? Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou ???????? Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range ??? ???? Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????-????????? ????? ???????
???? ( ????? )	??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? Okhotsk?Manchurian taiga ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ( ?????? ?????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ??????? Transbaikal ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????-???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????-?????????
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???? ( ???????? ??? )	???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (???) Carnatic region Tamilakam ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? Marathwada ????? ??? ????? Pir Panjal Range ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? Eastern Coastal Plains Kalinga Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows ???? (???????) Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch ??? ???? ????????? Konkan False Divi Point ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? High-mountain Asia ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? Halar ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? Laccadive Islands Aminidivi ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????-????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
??? ( ????????? )	????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? Hanish Islands ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Al-Sharat ???? ? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? Suhum ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???-???? ??????? ??? ( ????? ) ?????? ??????? Jordan Rift Valley ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? Aram-Naharaim ????? ??? ???????? Retjenu ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????-??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? Phasiane Isauria ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? Chaldia ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? Pisidia ????? Mysia Arzawa Speri ???? Biga Peninsula Troad Tuwana ?????? ??????