????
 |
| ????????
| TOEFL
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| ???
| Internet-based or paper-based standardized test.
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| ????/ ??????
| Educational Testing Service
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| ???????/????????? ???? ???????
| Reading, listening, speaking and writing of the
???? ???????
.
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| ?????
| To assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers.
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| ??? ????
| ????
? ?? ??? ???
(
????-
???: ???? ???????
}}
)
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| ???
| Internet-based test (iBT): 2 hours 47 minutes to 3 hours 23 minutes (excluding 10-minute break in-between).
Paper-based test (PBT): 2 hours 20 minutes to 2 hours 30 minutes.
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| ???? ???????
| iBT:
0 to 30 (in 1 point increments) on each of the 4 sections. So total of 0 to 120.
PBT:
Listening: 31 to 68, Structure: 31 to 69, Reading: 31 to 67. Total of 310 to 677. Writing (separate): 0 to 6. (All in 1 point increments.)
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| ??? ?????? ????
| 2 years
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| ????? ???????
| iBT: More than 50 times a year.
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| ??????? ???? ?? ?????
| iBT: Can be taken only once in any 3-day period.
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| ????(???) ???????
| 4,500 test centers in 165 countries.
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| ????
| ???? ???????
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| ???? ????????????
| 2.3 million p.a
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| ??????????/???????????
| No official prerequisite. Intended for non-native English speakers.
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| ?????
| iBT: US$ 160 and up, depending on the country.
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| ????????? ????
| More than 10,000 colleges, agencies and other institutions in over 130 countries.
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| ?????
| www
.ets
.org
/toefl
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????????? ??????? ?
?????????? ?????
???? ???????
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????
(??
???????
:
TOEFL
) ?? ??????? ?? ???????? Test of English as a Foreign Language ?? ?????
????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????
???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??
???? ???????
?? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? (
ETS
) ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ????
[?]
[?]
???? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ???
????
?????? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????.
[?]
???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????.
????? ?????????
????? TOEFL iBT ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ???????? ??????.
?? ?? ?? ???? ??? (??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????) ??????? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.
?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???.
[?]
?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?? ? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???????.
????? ????? Pbt
???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??.
?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????:
- ????? ??????? (Listening Comprehension)
- ?????? ???? (Structure and Language)
- ????? ?????? (Reading Comprehension)
????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.
????? ???????? Ibt
??? ????? ?? ?????
????
????? ?? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ≪????? ?? ????????≫ ? ≪????? ?? ??????≫ ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???
????
?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ????? ≪????? ?? ????????≫ ?? CBT ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??.
?? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???:
- ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???
?????
???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
- ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????.
- ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
??? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???.
??????? ??????
?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? (????????? ?? ?? ?????) ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???.
????? ?????? (Reading Comprehension)
??? ???? ????? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ibt ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????.
????? ??????? (Listening Comprehension)
??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ???
?????????
???? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???.
????? ?????? (Speaking Comprehension)
??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? reading,listening ????? ?? ??? speaking ???? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????.
????? ??????? (Writing Comprehension)
??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????.
???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????
??????? ??????
???? ???? ???.
?????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ?? ?????
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?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.
[?]
???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? (ibt) ?????? ??????.
??????
???????? ??????
????? ?? ?????