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????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Argentieri, Benedetta (26 January 2016). "Are the Syrian Democratic Forces any of the above?" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 20 June 2022.
  2. ↑ Elnaiem, Mohammed (7 February 2018). "Whose Free Syrian Army? The Arab opposition resisting Turkey's Afrin attacks" . The Region . Archived from the original on 21 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "Syria's Armed Opposition" (PDF) . small arms survey . January 2016. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2023.
  4. ↑ Khatib, Line (2023). Quest for Democracy: Liberalism in the Arab World . New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN   978-1-108-48281-3 . {{ cite book }} : ??????? CS1: ?????? ( link )
  5. ↑ Khatib, Line (2023). Quest for Democracy: Liberalism in the Arab World . New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN   978-1-108-48281-3 . {{ cite book }} : ??????? CS1: ?????? ( link )
  6. ↑ "Free Syrian Army: Statement of Principles" . Carnegie Middle East Centre . Archived from the original on 31 December 2022.
  7. ↑ Perry, Tom (June 2016). "Conflict among U.S. allies in northern Syria clouds war on Islamic State" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 21 June 2023.
  8. ↑ J. Gilbert, Victoria (2013). Syria for the Syrians: The Rise of Syrian Nationalism, 1970-2013 (PDF) . Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Northeastern University. pp. 78?81, 83?84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2023.
  9. ↑ Kalah Gade, Gabbay, M. Hafez, Kelly, Emily, Michael, Mohammed, Zane (14 February 2019). "Networks of Cooperation: Rebel Alliances in Fragmented Civil Wars" . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 63 (9): 2079. doi : 10.1177/0022002719826234 – via Sage Journals. {{ cite journal }} : ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
  10. ↑ Zeno, Basileus (15 March 2022). "The making of sects: Boundary making and the sectarianisation of the Syrian uprising, 2011?2013" . Nations and Nationalism . 28 (3): 1049. doi : 10.1111/nana.12825 – via Wiley Online Library.
  11. ↑ E. Schulze, Kirsten (2017). "10: Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, 1994-2015". The Arab-Israeli Conflict (3rd ed.). NY 10017, New York: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN   978-1-138-93334-7 . {{ cite book }} : ??????? CS1: ?????? ( link )
  12. ↑ "The launch of the second conference of the National Democratic Alliance Syrian" . 2017-06-04. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 2023-05-15 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????:????? ??????? ????? ???? ( link )
  13. ↑ ???? ???? Sherlock, Ruth (3 November 2011). " '15,000 strong' army gathers to take on Syria" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 .
  14. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? telegrNov2011 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  15. ↑ Alsaleh, Asaad (2021). "As'ad, Riyad Al- (1961-)". Historical Dictionary of the Syrian Uprising and Civil War . London, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 66?68. ISBN   9781538120774 .
  16. ↑ Sofer, Ken; Shafroth, Juliana (2013-05-14). The Structure and Organization of the Syrian Opposition . Center for American Progress (Report) . Retrieved 2022-01-05 .
  17. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ISWDec2015 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  18. ↑ Albayrak, Ayla (5 October 2011). "Turkey is adding to pressure on Damascus Regime" . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 August 2014 .
  19. ↑ ???? ???? "Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces" . World Tribune . 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 .
  20. ↑ Holliday, Joseph (March 2012). "Syria's Armed Opposition" (PDF) . Institute for the Study of War . Middle East Security Report 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . (Pages 6, 14?17.)
  21. ↑ ???? ???? Landis, Joshua (29 July 2011). "Free Syrian Army Founded by Seven Officers to Fight the Syrian Army" . Syria Comment . Retrieved 1 September 2014 .
  22. ↑ Holliday, Joseph (March 2012). "Syria's Armed Opposition" (PDF) . Institute for the Study of War . Middle East Security Report 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . (Pages 6, 14?17.)
  23. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? Albayrak ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  24. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? youtube9-10-11 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  25. ↑ Hussain, Murtaza (24 October 2017). "NSA Document Says Saudi Prince Directly Ordered Coordinated Attack By Syrian Rebels On Damascus" . The Intercept (?? ???????) . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . .. the "Free Syrian Army," a name that was more of a brand for the opposition than a singular entity.
  26. ↑ "Is it time for an alternative Syrian army?" . Arab News (?? ???????). 3 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . There is no longer an opposition Free Syrian Army like the one we knew. It disintegrated into smaller groups after being targeted by Iran, Russia, Daesh, Al-Nusra Front and others.
  27. ↑ Francis, Ellen; Perry, Tom (2017-04-07). "Syrian opposition welcomes US strike on army airbase" . The Independent (?? ???????) . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ... the Free Idlib Army rebel group, which fights under the Free Syrian Army (FSA) umbrella, ...
  28. ↑ Davison, John. "Death toll from Aleppo bus convoy bomb attack at least 126 ? Observatory" . Reuters (?? ???????). Beirut. Archived from the original on 2017-10-09 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ... groups fighting under the banner of the Free Syrian Army ...
  29. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? sharq ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  30. ↑ "Free Syrian Army: Statement of Principles" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Archived from the original on 31 December 2022.
  31. ↑ David Enders; Jonathan S. Landay. "One year in, will Syria become a guerrilla war?" . Mcclatchydc.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 .
  32. ↑ Tanir, Ilhan (4 October 2012). "In the Land of the Free Syrian Army" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
  33. ↑ Spyer, Jonathan (June 2012). "Defying a Dictator: Meet the Free Syrian Army" . World Affairs . Sage Publications. 175 (1): 45?52. JSTOR   41638991 – via JSTOR.
  34. ↑ Alsaleh, Asaad (2021). Historical Dictionary of the Syrian Uprising and Civil War . London, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 57, 64?65. ISBN   9781538120774 .
  35. ↑ Fulton, Will; Holliday, Joseph; Wyer, Sam. "Iranian strategy in Syria" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 4 May 2013.
  36. ↑ Fulton, Will; Holliday, Joseph; Wyer, Sam (May 2013). "Iranian strategy in Syria" (PDF) . pp. 6?27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013.
  37. ↑ Martin Chulov (12 July 2013). "Free Syrian Army threatens blood feud after senior officer killed by jihadists" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2013 .
  38. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? doesnot3 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  39. ↑ Lister, Charles (November 2016). The Free Syrian Army: A decentralized insurgent brand (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Brookings. pp. 1?33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2022 – via Brookings.edu.
  40. ↑ Alsaleh, Asaad (2021). Historical Dictionary of the Syrian Uprising and Civil War . London, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 11, 65. ISBN   9781538120774 .
  41. ↑ "Is it time for an alternative Syrian army?" . Arab News (?? ???????). 3 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . There is no longer an opposition Free Syrian Army like the one we knew. It disintegrated into smaller groups after being targeted by Iran, Russia, Daesh, Al-Nusra Front and others. This is why we are discussing the establishment of a new Syrian army.
  42. ↑ "Who are Turkish-backed forces in latest Syria incursion? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" . 13 October 2019.
  43. ↑ Factsheet: Factions in Turkish-based "Free Syrian Army" (PDF) (Report). Rojava Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2020 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .
  44. ↑ "Turkey deploys more tanks in Syria, warns Kurdish YPG" .
  45. ↑ One year in, will Syria become a guerrilla war? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine David Enders and Jonathan S. Landay, McClatchy Newspapers
  46. ↑ ≪????? ????? ???? ???? ?????≫ . ??????. ?? ????? ???? .
  47. ↑ "????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???" (?? ???????). ????? ??????. ? ??? ????. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 .
  48. ↑ "???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????" (?? ???????). ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 .
  49. ↑ ???? ???? ≪????? ??????? "?????? ???? ?????" ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????≫ . ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? .
  50. ↑ ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?????
  51. ↑ ≪??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???≫ . ????????? ???. ?? ?????? ???? .
  52. ↑ ≪???? ????? '???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ' ≫ . ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ???? .
  53. ↑ ≪?????? ?????? '????????' ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???≫ . ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ???? .
  54. ↑ ≪?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????≫ . ??????. ?? ?????? ???? .
  55. ↑ ≪?????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????≫ . ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ???? .
  56. ↑ ≪???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???≫ . ????? ???????? ?????. ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ???? .
  57. ↑ ≪???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????≫ . ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? .
  58. ↑ ≪??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????≫ . ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? .
  59. ↑ ≪??????? ??????????: ??? ???? ?????≫ . ?? ????? ???? .

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