???? ????

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?????	????????? ??????? ???? (????????? ???? ????)
?????	2.04 billion (2024)
???? ?????	????? ?? ??????? ???? (??? ?? ???? ????)
????? ?????? ????? ( ?????? ???? ???? )	$18.05 trillion (2024)
????? ?????? ????? (????)	$5.04 trillion (2024)
????? ????? ?????? ?????	$2,650 (nominal) (2024) ; $9,470 (PPP) (2024)
???? ????? ??????	0.641 (2019)( medium )
???????? ????	Indo-Aryan , Iranian , Dravidian , Sino-Tibetan , Austroasiatic , Turkic etc.
??? ?????	????? ????? ; ??? (???????) ;
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???????	????? (?) ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ( ???????? ) ;
???????	???????? ???? (?? ??? ???) ?????? ; ????? ??? ; ???? ; ???? ; ????? ; ??????? ; ????? ; ??????? ; ??????? ; ?????? ; Other official languages (provincial/regional level) Austroasiatic : Khasi ; Santali ; ; Dravidian : Malayalam ; Kannada ; Telugu ; ; Indo-European : Assamese ; Bhojpuri ; Dogri ; Gujarati ; Kashmiri ; Konkani ; Maithili ; Marathi ; Odia ; Punjabi ; Sanskrit ; Sindhi ; ; Sino-Tibetan : Bodo ; Gurung ; Limbu ; Mizo ; Meitei ; Sikkimese ; Tamang ; Tibetan ; Newari ; ; Turkic : Turkmen ; Uzbek ; ;
????????? ?????	5 time zones UTC+04:30 : Afghanistan ; ; UTC+05:00 : Maldives ; Pakistan ; ; UTC+05:30 : India ; Sri Lanka ; ; UTC+05:45 : Nepal ; ; UTC+06:00 : Bangladesh ; Bhutan ; ;
????? ????????? ???????	.af , .bd , .bt , .in , .io , .lk , .mv , .np , .pk
????????? ????	Zone 8 & 9
????????? ?????	?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ; ????? ; ???? ; ????? ; ????? ; ????? ; ???????? ; ?????? ; ???? ; ???????? ; ;
?? UN M49	034 ? ???? ???? ; 142 ? ???? ; 001 ? ????

???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? (sub-Himalayan countries) ? ?? ???? ????? ????? (??? ????? ?????? ??? ) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? (?? ??? ?? ???) ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? - ?????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ????????? ???. ^[?]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??. ^[?]

????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ??? ??????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????

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↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? UN WPP 2019 2 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
↑ "GDP, current prices" . International Monetary Fund .
↑ "GDP, current prices, Purchasing power parity; billions of international dollars, Billions of U.S. dollars" . International Monetary Fund .
↑ "GDP per capita, current prices" . International Monetary Fund .
↑ "Human Development Report 2020 ? "Human Development Indices and Indicators" " (PDF) . HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme . p. 346 . Retrieved 16 December 2021 .
↑ " Indian Subcontinent ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia."
↑ CHRONOLOGY OF IRANIAN HISTORY PART 1 iranicaonline.org

?????????? ???????

??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

???? ??????: ???? ??????: ????? <ref> ???? ????? ?? ??? ≪note≫ ???? ????? ??? ????? <references group="note"/> ?????? ???? ???. ().

[UN_WPP_2019_2-1] ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? UN WPP 2019 2 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).

[2] "GDP, current prices" . International Monetary Fund .

[3] "GDP, current prices, Purchasing power parity; billions of international dollars, Billions of U.S. dollars" . International Monetary Fund .

[4] "GDP per capita, current prices" . International Monetary Fund .

[UNDP2020-5] "Human Development Report 2020 ? "Human Development Indices and Indicators" " (PDF) . HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme . p. 346 . Retrieved 16 December 2021 .

[EoMA-7] " Indian Subcontinent ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia."

[8] CHRONOLOGY OF IRANIAN HISTORY PART 1 iranicaonline.org

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?????	??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????-?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???
??? ( ???? ??? )	???????? ???????????? ???? Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? China proper ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????-?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? High-mountain Asia ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? Qilian Mountains Hengduan Mountains ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? Hexi Corridor ???? ?????????????? Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou ???????? Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range ??? ???? Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????-????????? ????? ???????
???? ( ????? )	??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? Okhotsk?Manchurian taiga ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ( ?????? ?????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ??????? Transbaikal ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????-???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????-?????????
???? ??? ( ??? ???? )	???????? ???????? ?????? ????/??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? / ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? / Nusantara ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????-????????? ????? ???????
???? ( ???????? ??? )	???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (???) Carnatic region Tamilakam ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? Marathwada ????? ??? ????? Pir Panjal Range ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? Eastern Coastal Plains Kalinga Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows ???? (???????) Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch ??? ???? ????????? Konkan False Divi Point ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? High-mountain Asia ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? Halar ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? Laccadive Islands Aminidivi ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????-????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
??? ( ????????? )	????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? Hanish Islands ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Al-Sharat ???? ? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? Suhum ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???-???? ??????? ??? ( ????? ) ?????? ??????? Jordan Rift Valley ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? Aram-Naharaim ????? ??? ???????? Retjenu ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????-??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? Phasiane Isauria ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? Chaldia ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? Pisidia ????? Mysia Arzawa Speri ???? Biga Peninsula Troad Tuwana ?????? ??????