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- ????????
: ??????? (al-Jazair), Al Jumhuriyah al Jazairiyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shaabiyah; Algerie, Republique Democratique Populaire d'Algerie.
- ??????????
: ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? (??-??????) ??? ?????????. ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? 4 ???????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????????: Algerie (????????); Argelia (????????); Tamurt n Ldzayer (?????????).
- ????????? ????????
? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? (?????? ?? ??????? ??????). ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????????). ??????? ????????? ????????? ???-???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????????-?????????, ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ?????, ?????). ???? ???????? ?????, ????????????, ????????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? 2 С?-?? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? 15 С?-??, ????????? -????? 5 С?-??? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? 900-1800 ?? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? 4/5. ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? 80% ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? (?????????? ???? ????, ???????????? ???? ????, ?????, ??? ????) ?? ???????? (????? ??????????, ????????, ?????????, ??-??????) ??????????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? 100 ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? 10 ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? (??????), ?????? ????? ???-?????? (????????? ???-???????? ????? ??? 26 ?????? ??????? ????? ??????). ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ?????????? ??????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? (?????????, ???????, ??-????? ?? ???.) ??????? ???????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (3000 ?). ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ?????, ?????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? (?????? 700 ??). ?????? ????, ??????? ???????? ????????, ????????????, ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? (????), ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????, ????, ????????-??????? ?? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? (????, ????, ????, ????? ?? ???.) ??????????? 100 ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? (????????? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ????????, ??????, ????????). ????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ????????, ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????????, ?????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????
??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? 300-400 ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??. ?. XII ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??. ?. III ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ????????-????????? ????????????. ??. ?. 202 ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? (????????? ???????????). ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??. ?. 146 ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? (???????. ?????????? ??. ?. 116-105 ??????) ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ??. ?. 46 ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, II ?-??-???????????. 438 ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? (??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????) ??????? ???????? ??????????. 439 ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????. 534 ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
VII ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? -?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???.
VIII-XV ??-?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????.???????????? ??????????????. VIII-X ??-?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
761
-
909
?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????
??????????
???? ??????????
????????????
??????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????? .???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????.
944
???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
??-???????
(??????????? ??????????
??????
). ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????
1148
??????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. 1014-1152 ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????.
XI ?-?? ?-?? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? -???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. XI-XIII ??-?? ?-?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????,
1148
-
1269
?????? ??????
???????????
???????? ???????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????????. XIII-XVI ??-?? -?????????is (?????????????) ???????????(?????????? ????????). ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????.
1492
???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????
???????
??
?????????
, ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? II ???? ?????? ???,
1506
???? ??????? ??????
?????
,.???? ??-??????(1505), ????? (1509), ?????? (1510) ?? ???.
1518
????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? -????? ?? ???? ??-??? ??????????; ??? 1515 ???? ??????????? ??????. ???? ??-????? ?-?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????????? (1519-46), ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? -???????????. XVI ?-?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (????????) ???. ??????? 3 ????????: ???????????, ?????? (?????) ?? ??????? (?????).???? ??-?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? -?????????? ???????? ????.
. ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????,?????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. XVII ?. ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? . ???? ??????? ?????????? -??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????. 1711 ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????????. XVIII-XIX ??. ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????.
XIX ??????????
?????? ???????? ???????????.1830 ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????, ????????? ???? ??????? ?? 5 ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???????? 1847 ???? ????????? ????????.
1848
???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????-???????????.
. ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? (1849 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, 1852-????????, 1864-67 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????, 1871-1872 ??. 200-?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. 1881 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????). 1852-1870 ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????: ?1875 ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???. ???? 1830 ?????? ?????????? 825,000 ??????? ???????? ???????.“ ??????????? ????????? 1831-51 ?????? ??? 92,329 ???????? ?? 3,336 ??????? ??? ???????. ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? 2.9 ??????? ??? 1872 ????, 1860 ???? ??????? 11 ???????. ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????“. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????. ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ??????????- ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? 1830 ?????? 1872 ??????. ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ??????????????, ????????? ????????????. ???????, ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? 80% ?????? ?????????????.
1848 ?????? ??????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. 1825 ?? 1847 ?????? ??????? ??????????? 50,000 ?????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?20 ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????.
1880 ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????, 1880 ?????? ??????????? ?????????????“.
1905-06 ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????
-?????????? ???????????
?????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????.
????? ??????? ????
???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????. 1942 ???? ????????? ??????? ??????-???????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ?????, ??????????????. 1943 ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? (????), ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????, ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????.
1954
???? ???????????
??????? ?????????????????? ?????? (???).
1954 ???? 1 ???????? ??????? ???????-?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???-? ??????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? (???). 1956 ???? ????????? ???-?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????.
??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? 1962 ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? 1962 ???? 1 ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? 1962 ???? 3 ??????, ???? 5 ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????.
???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? (???) ??????
????? ??? ????
.
1965
???? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ??????
????? ?????????
. ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? 25 ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????.
1979
-
1992
?????? ???????????
????? ?????????
.
1989
?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????
???????????
???????.
1990
???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????: ???????? ??????????
??????? ???????
(
1992
-
1993
),
??? ?????? ????
(
1993
-
1994
),
?????? ???????
(
1994
-
1999
). ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????.
1999
?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????
????????? ?????????
. 2001 ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????) ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? (???????? ??????) ???? ???? ?????????. ????????????? ??????????? ??????? 60 ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? - ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???-???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? (??????? ???? ??????) ???????? ????????.
2001
???? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????.
2004 ???? ???????. ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????????.
2005 ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????“, ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????“ (?????. 1000 ???????), ??????? ???????? 2004 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????.
2006 ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????“ ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????“ ?????????.
2009 ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????.
?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? -
??????? ???????? ?????? 2010 ???? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????, ????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????. ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ???? 1 ????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? (1992 ??????) ????????.
??????? ??????????
???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????s ???????
???????????
2011
???? 3 ????????? ????????? 19-?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????
[1]
.
2019 ???? ???????? -
2019 ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??? 82 ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????.
??????
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????????
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????? ??????????. ???????: 2 381 740 ??. ??. ?????????? 80 % ??????? ???????.
- ?????????? ???????
: ??????????.
- ??????????? ???????
: ?????????? ????????? ????????? (Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, 1999 ??????). ????????? ???????: ???????-???????? ????? ????? (Ahmed OUYAHI, 2003 ??????).
- ????????????? ??????
: ??????????? ?????????? (380+144 ?????).
- 48 ???????? (????. ??????)
- ·553 ???? (????. ??????;“?????“)
- 1541?????????????? (????. ?????
???????
).
- ??????????
- 34 895 000 (
2009
), ??? ?????
???????? ?????
80 %,
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- ?????????? ???
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:
??????
(???????).
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: ?????? (1,7 ???).
- ????????
(??.):
?????
(752),
???????????
(530),
?????
(278),
?????
(246).
1950-??? ?????? ????????? ????
?????????
??
?????
?????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
???????????
??
????????
.
- ?????????
: ?????, ????????? ????, ?????? ??????, ?????????, ?????, ?????, ?????.
- ????????
: ???????, ????????? ????, ?????????, ?????.
- ???????? ??????????
: ??? ????? 1720 $.
- ??????
:
???????? ??????
(DZD).
- ??????
- ????? ??????, ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????;
- ?????
- ???? ?????? ?? ????????; ???? ????? ??-???? (??????????, XI ?.).
- ?????? ????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????????, ????? (???????? ??????); ?????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????.
- Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).
Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present
. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: C. Hurst & Co.
ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6
.
- "Algeria ? Ottoman Rule". Country Studies. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004).
Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects
. Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5
.
- Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988).
The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830?1987
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3
.
- Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine".
PLOS ONE
. 25 February 2011.
- Frantz Fanon (1966; 2005 paperback).
The Wretched of the Earth
. Grove Press. ASIN B0007FW4AW,
ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3
.
- Alistair Horne (1977).
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
. Viking Adult.
ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1
,
ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6
(2006 reprint)
- Laouisset, Djamel (2009).
A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry
. New York City: Nova Publishers.
ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2
.
- Metz, Helen Chapin. "Algeria : a country study". United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
- Roberts, Hugh (2003).
The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988?2002. Studies in a Broken Polity
. London: Verso Books.
ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1
.
- Ruedy, John (1992).
Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9
.
- Stora, Benjamin (2001).
Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History
. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1
.
- Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".
Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation
(via Google Books). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN 0-7546-7418-5
.
- ??????? ???????? /??????????? ?? ?????????-??????????? ???????/ ???????-1981, ???????????? "??????? ??????????".65.04+66.4(07) 6 Я2 91+308 (6)(8) ?924
- ??????? ??????? ????????????, ???? 1, ??.327-333. ???????, 1975.
- ↑
Algeria to lift emergency powers'
. Al-Jazeera (2011-02-03).
????????? ??????: 2011-02-03.