Dialect of English in islands of the Southern Hemisphere
South Atlantic English
is a variety of the
English language
which is spoken on islands in the
Southern hemisphere
. South Atlantic English is spoken on
Tristan da Cunha
and
Saint Helena
, but its spread on other islands is unknown. An intelligibility with
British English
, a linguistic variety of the same country, exists. There are fewer than 10,000 speakers of South Atlantic English. South Atlantic English does not have official status anywhere.
Saint Helena English
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On Saint Helena, the variety of South Atlantic English is locally referred to as 'Saint-Speak' or speaking 'Saint'. It originated in the 17th century; the
East India Company
established a colony on St Helena in 1658. The island has had a Dutch rule in the 1670s, and settlers from France, West Africa, Cape Verde, the Indian subcontinent and Madagascar. Nonetheless, English has been the largest influence on the island's language.
Phonology
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South Atlantic English on Saint Helena has several phonological markers, some related to its non-rhoticity, others to its sound changes.
[1]
Rhoticity
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Saint Helena English is non-rhotic, so /r/ is pronounced only if a vowel follows it in the same word - e.g. the r-sound is pronounced in 'flora', but not in 'floor'.
Despite this general rule of thumb, some speakers also pronounce the /r/ if it is followed by a vowel in the following word - to use the previous example, Saint speakers
would
pronounce the r-sound in 'floor and wall'. In addition, some speakers also add in an r-sound during some vowel sounds, for example 'idea' is pronounced
ideear
- these two phenomena are called
linking and intrusive R
respectively, and are unusual for a non-rhotic English variety.
Furthermore, the intervocalic /t/ is often pronounced as a flap - for example, the t-sound in the words 'butter, letter, better' are the same as in the General American pronunciation, whereas in British English they would be usually pronounced either like the t in 'top' or the glottal stop in 'uh-oh'. Again, this is more typical of rhotic English varieties, so it is a curiosity.
Phonetic Differences
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Here are some other prevalent phonetic markers in Saint Helena English:
- Th-stopping
- where the English
th
-sound is pronounced as
t
or
d,
for example 'thank you' is pronounced '
tank you
'.
- Vowel raising
and some vowel lengthening occurs quite noticeably, for example:
- /?/ has shifted to /?/, for example the word 'job' is pronounced /d???b/
jorb
.
- /æ/ has shifted to /e/, for example the word 'bare' is pronounced /ber/
,
more like
beer
.
- /?/ has shifted to /e/ or /i/, for example the word 'bed' is pronounced /beːd/
beed
.
- /w/ and /v/ form a minimal pair - that is, the v-sound and w-sound are mostly interchangeable, as seen in the local adage
St Helena was created by two wolcanos
.
- /t/ at the end of a word is frequently
glottalized
or dropped entirely, therefore a 'project' is pronounced as
prorjek
.
- Some sounds are added as though superfluous, for example 'fishing' is pronounced
fishenin'
.
- Syllabic 'r' is often dropped, for example 'funeral' (in which the second syllable is a syllabic R in some rural British English dialects) is pronounced
fewnel
.
- Many word-final consonant clusters are simplified by deleting one of the consonants - 'build' becomes
bil
, and 'strength' becomes
streng'.
Vocabulary
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Where 'a couple' in English means two things, in Saint it can be two or more. A good/nice
couple
means 'a lot more than two' or 'enough for your liking' - for example,
Have you a good couple of chips
means 'take as many
potato chips
as you want'. Likewise,
a good couple of days
means 'not for some time'.
Many words in Saint are contractions of English phrases - for example
mussie
for 'must be/have',
most
for 'almost',
miggies
for 'hurry up' (from 'make haste'), and
bitta
for 'a bit of'.
The word
stay
does not have a temporary connotation in Saint, so asking
Where you chirren stay?
means 'Where do your kids live?'.
The standard greeting for friends and relatives is
lurvy
, from the Southern English 'Luvvie'.
The expression
phew ya
is a standard exclamation, and the adjective
some
can be used to mean 'quite' or 'very'. For example,
Phew ya it some hot!
means 'Wow, it's quite hot!'.
Grammar
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Saint Helena Southern Atlantic English has several curious non-standard grammatical features:
- Saint Helena English also lacks plural marking after numerals - for example
twenty pound, four month, nine boat, many house
.
- The words
see
and
lah
are appended as interrogatives to confirm understanding, or to elicit a response from a listener. Questions do not have inversion or
do
-support. For example,
Him have nine boat
means 'He has nine boats', but
Him have nine boat see?
would turn it into a question, asking 'does he have nine boats?'.
- When forming the past tense, the English auxiliary 'have' is replaced by
done
.
- In addition, the indefinite article 'a' is often replaced by
one -
for example,
Us done give y'all one beer
means 'We have given you a beer'.
- The language allows null subjects, for example the sentence
Met with two girl on you boat
is grammatically valid, and the matter of
who
met the two girls on the listener's boat is inferred through context.
- Possessive pronouns are often simplified, for example
What you name?
mean 'what's your name?'
- The first person plural pronoun, regardless of its place in the sentence, is always 'us' - for example,
us done bin out
means 'we have been out'.
- The second person plural pronoun varies, but
y'all
is the most preferred form.
- Demonstratives (like 'this' or 'that') are often omitted
- The suffix -ed for the past tense is also omitted - both this and the prior point are illustrated by the phrase
You never come Town much them days
, meaning 'You never came to Jamestown much back then'.
- St Helena English allows multiple negation, for example
You no eat no food
.
- The double modal construction is also sometimes used, for example
Might be ill, but I
may
can
go by shop
implies despite the speaker's illness, it's
possible
the speaker has the
ability
to enter the shop.
Sample words and phrases
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Some Saint vocabulary is more similar to American than British, and this is most likely related to the temporary movement of locals to
Ascension Island
in the 1940s, where they encountered Americans at the USAF base and picked up their terminology. Here are some sample words and phrases in Saint Helena South Atlantic English. :
- 'Yes' is pronounced /??s/
eeirce
- like 'pierce' without the
p
sound.
- 'August' is pronounced
Ow-gus
- 'July' is pronounced with emphasis on the first syllable -
JEW-lee
- 'Buoy' is pronounced like the American
boo-ee
,
and 'Boutique' is pronounced
Bow-teek
- Chips
and
pants
refer to the American, not British, understandings -
potato chips
and
trousers
.
Tristan da Cunha English
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Tristan da Cunha English, locally called Tristanian, shows several unique features due to the island's isolation.
Phonetics and phonology
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- The vowel sequence /ei/ is shortened and non-diphthongized, but its length is preserved, so 'base' is pronounced
bes
.
- T-glottalization
occurs medially, for example at the t-sounds in 'better, letter, butter'.
- There is extensive insertion of the breathy [h] sound before various vowels, for example in the phrase
Happles 'n horanges
. This is most notable in the way that the locals refer to Tristan - as the 'island', which is pronounced more like
hiland
.
- There is devoicing of the z-sound and z-sound medially, as well as at the end of plurals and genitives
- The letter s at the end of 'rites' and 'rides' is voiceless in both cases.
- Likewise, the zh-sound in 'televi
si
on' becomes more like
televishon.
- Many vowels in Tristanian are lengthened noticeably, which is also seen in Saint Helenian English.
Grammar
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Many features are comparatively similar to Saint Helenian English. Tristanian's grammar includes:
- A lack of plural marking, such as
six boat, four woman, nine shark.
- Distinct second person plural pronouns are used, such as
y'all islander
and
you's there
.
- Verbal inflectional morphology is highly simplified, such as
He catch ten fish
.
- The pronoun "them" is used to mark definite noun phrases, as seen in sentences like "They never eat much them days.". This links with the omission of demonstratives, which are instead implied through context
- Expressiveness drives peculiarities in Tristan da Cunha English, including double comparatives (e.g., "I like that more better") and double negation (e.g., "nobody never come out or nothing").
- In questions, inversion is not used, but rising intonation signifies a question, as in constructions like "Where they is?"
- In Tristanian, the uninflected form of a verb is used in compound and place names - for example in the place name
Ridge-where-the-Goat-
jump
-off.
References
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- Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill.
The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction.
Cambridge University Press, Mar 4, 2010 pg. 10
- Tristan da Cunha: History, People, Language
by Daniel Schreier and Karen Lavarello-Schreier (2003, Battlebridge, 88 pages).
- "Speak Saint ? Saint Helena Island Info ? About St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean".
sainthelenaisland.info
. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
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