Last Holy Roman Emperor (1792?1806) and first Emperor of Austria (1806?35)
Francis II and I
(
German
:
Franz II.
; 12 February 1768 ? 2 March 1835) was the last
Holy Roman Emperor
as
Francis II
from 1792 to 1806, and the first
Emperor of Austria
as
Francis I
from 1804 to 1835. He was also
King of Hungary
,
Croatia
and
Bohemia
, and served as the first president of the
German Confederation
following its establishment in 1815.
The eldest son of future
Emperor Leopold II
and
Maria Luisa of Spain
, Francis was born in
Florence
, where his father ruled as
Grand Duke of Tuscany
. Leopold became Holy Roman Emperor in 1790 but died two years later, and Francis succeeded him. His empire immediately became embroiled in the
French Revolutionary Wars
, the first of which ended in Austrian defeat and the loss of the left bank of the
Rhine
to France. After another French victory in the
War of the Second Coalition
,
Napoleon
crowned himself
Emperor of the French
. In response, Francis assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. He continued his leading role as Napoleon's adversary in the
Napoleonic Wars
, and suffered successive defeats that greatly weakened Austria as a European power. In 1806, after Napoleon created the
Confederation of the Rhine
, Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, which in effect marked the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Following the defeat of the
Fifth Coalition
, Francis ceded more territory to France and was forced to wed his daughter
Marie Louise
to Napoleon.
In 1813, Francis turned against Napoleon and finally defeated him in the
War of the Sixth Coalition
, forcing the French emperor to abdicate. Austria took part as a leading member of the
Holy Alliance
at the
Congress of Vienna
, which was largely dominated by Francis' chancellor
Klemens von Metternich
, culminating in a new European order and the restoration of most of Francis' ancient dominions. Due to the establishment of the
Concert of Europe
, which resisted popular nationalist and liberal tendencies, Francis was viewed as a
reactionary
later in his reign. Francis died in 1835 at the age of 67 and was succeeded by his son,
Ferdinand I
.
Early life
[
edit
]
Francis was a son of
Emperor Leopold II
(1747?1792) and his wife
Maria Luisa of Spain
(1745?1792), daughter of
Charles III of Spain
. Francis was born in
Florence
, the capital of
Tuscany
, where his father reigned as
Grand Duke
from 1765 to 1790. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings,
[1]
his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle
Joseph
had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in
Vienna
to educate and prepare him for his future role.
[2]
Emperor Joseph II
himself took charge of Francis' development. His disciplinarian regime was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that Francis was "stunted in growth", "backward in bodily dexterity and deportment", and "neither more nor less than a spoiled mother's child." Joseph concluded that "the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance."
[2]
Joseph's
martinet
method of improving the young Francis was "fear and unpleasantness."
[3]
The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that Francis "failed to lead himself, to do his own thinking." Nonetheless, Francis greatly admired his uncle, if rather in fear of him. To complete his training, Francis was sent to join an army regiment in
Hungary
and he settled easily into the routine of military life.
[4]
He was present at the
siege of Belgrade
which occurred during the
Austro-Turkish War
.
[5]
After the death of Joseph II in 1790, Francis' father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold's deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother's policies.
[6]
The strain took a toll on Leopold and by the winter of 1791, he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792; on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. Francis, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor, much sooner than he had expected.
Emperor
[
edit
]
Wars with France
[
edit
]
As the head of the
Holy Roman Empire
and the ruler of the vast multi-ethnic
Habsburg hereditary lands
, Francis felt threatened by the
French revolutionaries
and later
Napoleon's
expansionism as well as their social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe in the wake of the conquering French armies. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt
Marie Antoinette
, the wife of
Louis XVI
and Queen consort of France, was guillotined by the revolutionaries in 1793, at the beginning of his reign, although, on the whole, he was indifferent to her fate.
Later, he led the
Holy Roman Empire
into the
French Revolutionary Wars
. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the
Flanders Campaign
of 1794 before handing over command to his brother
Archduke Charles
. He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the
Treaty of Campo Formio
, he ceded the left bank of the
Rhine
to
France
in exchange for
Venice
and
Dalmatia
. He again fought against France during the
War of the Second Coalition
.
On 11 August 1804, in response to Napoleon crowning himself as emperor of the French earlier that year, he announced that he would henceforth assume the title of hereditary emperor of Austria as Francis I, a move that technically was illegal in terms of imperial law. Yet Napoleon had agreed beforehand and therefore it happened.
[8]
[a]
Napoleonic Wars
[
edit
]
During the
War of the Third Coalition
, the Austrian forces met a crushing defeat at
Austerlitz
, and Francis had to agree to the
Treaty of Pressburg
, which greatly weakened Austria and brought about the final collapse of the
Holy Roman Empire
. In July 1806, under massive pressure from France, Bavaria and fifteen other German states ratified the statutes founding the
Confederation of the Rhine
, with Napoleon designated Protector, and they announced to the
Imperial Diet
their intention to leave the Empire with immediate effect. Then, on 22 July, Napoleon issued an ultimatum to Francis demanding that he abdicate as Holy Roman Emperor by 10 August.
[11]
Five days later, Francis bowed to the inevitable and, without mentioning the ultimatum, affirmed that since the Peace of Pressburg he had tried his best to fulfil his duties as emperor but that circumstances had convinced him that he could no longer rule according to his oath of office, the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine making that impossible. He added that "we hereby decree that we regard the bond which until now tied us to the states of the Empire as dissolved"
in effect dissolving the empire. At the same time he declared the complete and formal withdrawal of his hereditary lands from imperial jurisdiction.
After that date, he reigned as Francis I, Emperor of Austria.
In 1809, Francis
attacked
France again, hoping to take advantage of the
Peninsular War
embroiling Napoleon in
Spain
. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the
Continental System
, and wedding his daughter
Marie-Louise
to the Emperor. The
Napoleonic wars
drastically weakened Austria, making it entirely landlocked and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to the
Kingdom of Prussia
.
In 1813, for the fifth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined
Great Britain
,
Russia
, Prussia and Sweden in their
war against Napoleon
. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France?in recognition of this, Francis, represented by
Clemens von Metternich
, presided over the
Congress of Vienna
, helping to form the
Concert of Europe
and the
Holy Alliance
, ushering in an era of conservatism in Europe. The
German Confederation
, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, who hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort,
though Francis undermined his allies
Tsar Alexander
and
Frederick William III of Prussia
by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king
Louis XVIII
.
Domestic policy
[
edit
]
The violent events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of Francis (as well as all other European monarchs), and he came to distrust radicalism in any form. In 1794, a "
Jacobin
" conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies.
The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted the perimeter of the conspiracy. Francis' brother
Alexander Leopold
(at that time
Palatine of Hungary
) wrote to the Emperor admitting "Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet." Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were
hanged
and
gibbeted
, while numerous others were sentenced to imprisonment (many of whom died from the conditions)
Francis was from his experiences suspicious and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent
(in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe).
Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes
Charles
and
Johann
had their meetings and activities spied upon.
Censorship was also prevalent. The author
Franz Grillparzer
, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure. When Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied, "Oh, nothing at all. But I thought to myself, 'One can never tell'."
In military affairs Francis had allowed his brother, the
Archduke Charles
, extensive control over the army during the Napoleonic wars. Yet, distrustful of allowing any individual too much power, he otherwise maintained the separation of command functions between the
Hofkriegsrat
and his field commanders.
In the later years of his reign he limited military spending, requiring it not exceed forty million
florins
per year; because of inflation this resulted in inadequate funding, with the army's share of the budget shrinking from half in 1817 to only twenty-three percent in 1830.
Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet with his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language),
but his will was sovereign. In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, Francis personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality.
To increase patriotic sentiment during the war with France, the anthem "
Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
" was composed in 1797 to be sung as the Kaiserhymne to music by
Joseph Haydn
.
[25]
The lyrics were adapted for later Emperors and the music lives on as the German national anthem "
Deutschlandlied
".
Death
[
edit
]
On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father's death, Francis died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts.
[26]
His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in the court chapel of the
Hofburg
palace
[27]
for three days.
[28]
Francis was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the
Imperial Crypt
in Vienna's Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by tombs of his four wives.
Francis passed on a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir
Ferdinand
: to "preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods." In many portraits (particularly those painted by
Peter Fendi
) he was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren.
[26]
Marriages
[
edit
]
Francis II married four times:
- On 6 January 1788, to
Elisabeth of Wurttemberg
(21 April 1767 ? 18 February 1790).
- On 15 September 1790, to his double first cousin
Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies
(6 June 1772 ? 13 April 1807), daughter of King
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
(both were grandchildren of Empress
Maria Theresa
and shared all of their other grandparents in common), with whom he had twelve children, of whom only seven reached adulthood.
- On 6 January 1808, he married again to another first cousin,
Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
(14 December 1787 ? 7 April 1816) with no issue. She was the daughter of
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este
and Maria Beatrice
d'Este
, Princess of
Modena
.
- On 29 October 1816, to
Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria
(8 February 1792 ? 9 February 1873) with no issue. She was daughter of
Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
and had been previously married to
William I of Wurttemberg
.
Children
[
edit
]
From his first wife
Elisabeth of Wurttemberg
, one daughter, who died in infancy, and his second wife
Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies
, eight daughters and four sons, of whom five died in infancy or childhood:
Children of Francis II
Name
|
Picture
|
Birth
|
Death
|
Notes
|
By Elisabeth of Wurttemberg
|
Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth
|
|
18 February 1790
|
24 June 1791 (aged 1)
|
Died in infancy and buried in the
Imperial Crypt
, Vienna, Austria.
|
By Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies
|
Archduchess Maria Ludovika
|
|
12 December 1791
|
17 December 1847 (aged 56)
|
Married first
Napoleon Bonaparte
, had issue, married second
Adam, count of Neipperg
, had issue, married third to Charles, Count of Bombelles, no issue.
|
Emperor Ferdinand I
|
|
19 April 1793
|
29 June 1875 (aged 82)
|
Married
Maria Anna of Savoy
, Princess of Sardinia, no issue.
|
Archduchess Marie Caroline
|
|
8 June 1794
|
16 March 1795 (aged 9 months)
|
Died in childhood, no issue.
|
Archduchess Caroline Ludovika
|
|
22 December 1795
|
30 June 1797 (aged 1)
|
Died in childhood, no issue.
|
Archduchess Caroline Josepha Leopoldine
|
|
22 January 1797
|
11 December 1826 (aged 29)
|
Renamed Maria Leopoldina upon her marriage; married
Pedro I of Brazil
(a.k.a.
Pedro IV of Portugal
); issue included
Maria II of Portugal
and
Pedro II of Brazil
.
|
Archduchess Maria Klementina
|
|
1 March 1798
|
3 September 1881 (aged 83)
|
Married her maternal uncle
Leopold, Prince of Salerno
, had issue.
|
Archduke Joseph Franz Leopold
|
|
9 April 1799
|
30 June 1807 (aged 8)
|
Died some weeks after his mother in childhood, no issue.
|
Archduchess Maria Karolina
|
|
8 April 1801
|
22 May 1832 (aged 31)
|
Married Crown Prince (later King)
Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
, no issue.
|
Archduke Franz Karl
|
|
17 December 1802
|
8 March 1878 (aged 75)
|
Married
Princess Sophie of Bavaria
; issue included
Franz Joseph I of Austria
and
Maximilian I of Mexico
.
|
Archduchess Marie Anne
|
|
8 June 1804
|
28 December 1858 (aged 54)
|
Born intellectually disabled (like her eldest brother, Emperor Ferdinand I) and to have suffered from a severe facial deformity. Died unmarried.
|
Archduke Johann Nepomuk
|
|
30 August 1805
|
19 February 1809 (aged 3)
|
Died in childhood, no issue.
|
Archduchess Amalie Theresa
|
|
6 April 1807
|
9 April 1807 (aged 3 days)
|
Died in childhood, no issue.
|
Titles, honours and heraldry
[
edit
]
Titles
[
edit
]
From 1806 he used the titles: "We, Francis the First,
by the Grace of God
Emperor of Austria;
King of Jerusalem
,
Hungary
,
Bohemia
,
Dalmatia
,
Croatia
,
Slavonia
,
Galicia and Lodomeria
; Archduke of
Austria
; Duke of
Lorraine
,
Salzburg
,
Wurzburg
,
Franconia
,
Styria
,
Carinthia
and
Carniola
;
Grand Duke of Cracow
; Grand Prince of
Transylvania
; Margrave of
Moravia
; Duke of
Sandomir
,
Masovia
,
Lublin
,
Upper and Lower Silesia
,
Auschwitz
and
Zator
,
Teschen
and
Friule
; Prince of
Berchtesgaden
and
Mergentheim
; Princely Count of Habsburg,
Gorizia
and
Gradisca
and of the
Tirol
; and Margrave of Upper and Lower
Lusatia
and in
Istria
".
[29]
Orders and decorations
[
edit
]
Heraldry
[
edit
]
Heraldry of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
|
|
|
|
Coat of arms as Holy Roman Emperor
(1792?1804)
|
Coat of arms as Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria
(1804?1806)
|
Coat of arms as Emperor of Austria
(1815?1835)
|
|
Ancestors
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
[41]
|
---|
| | | | | | | | | 16.
Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
| | | | | | | 8.
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | 17.
Eleonore of Austria
| | | | | | | 4.
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | | | | | | 18.
Philip I, Duke of Orleans
| | | | | | | 9.
Elisabeth Charlotte of Orleans
| | | | | | | | | | 19.
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
| | | | | | | 2.
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20.
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | 10.
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | | | | 21.
Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
| | | | | | | 5.
Maria Theresa of Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | 22.
Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick
| | | | | | | 11.
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick
| | | | | | | | | | 23.
Christine Louise of Oettingen
| | | | | | | 1.
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24.
Louis, Dauphin of France
| | | | | | | 12.
Philip V of Spain
| | | | | | | | | | 25.
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
| | | | | | | 6.
Charles III of Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | 26.
Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma
| | | | | | | 13.
Elisabeth Farnese
| | | | | | | | | | 27.
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
| | | | | | | 3.
Maria Louisa of Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28.
Augustus II of Poland
| | | | | | | 14.
Augustus III of Poland
| | | | | | | | | | 29.
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg
| | | | | | | 7.
Maria Amalia of Saxony
| | | | | | | | | | | | 30.
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
| | | | | | | 15.
Maria Josepha of Austria
| | | | | | | | | | 31.
Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Later he was dubbed the first
Doppelkaiser
(double emperor) in history.
) For the two years between 1804 and 1806, Francis used the title and style
by the Grace of God elected Roman Emperor, ever Augustus, hereditary Emperor of Austria
and he was called the
Emperor of both the Holy Roman Empire and Austria
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 233
- ^
a
b
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 234
- ^
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 235
- ^
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 236
- ^
Malleson, George Bruce
(1884).
Loudon: A Sketch of the Military Life of Gideon Ernest, Freiherr von Loudon
. London: Chapman & Hall. p.
229
.
- ^
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 238
- ^
Whaley, Joachim
(2012).
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire
. Vol. II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648?1806. Oxford University Press. p. 632.
ISBN
978-0-1996-9307-8
.
OCLC
772967090
.
OL
25339319M
.
- ^
Gagliardo, John G. (1980).
Reich and Nation. The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763?1806
. Indiana University Press. pp. 279?280.
ISBN
978-0-2531-6773-6
.
OL
4401178M
.
- ^
Robbins Landon, H. C.
; Wynne Jones, David (1988).
Haydn: His Life and Music
. Thames and Hudson.
ISBN
978-0-5000-1438-7
.
OL
7653170M
.
- ^
a
b
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 254
- ^
"Wien"
.
Wiener Zeitung
. 5 March 1835. p. 1, col. 2.
- ^
Wheatcroft 1996
, p. 255
- ^
British and Foreign State Papers
. H.M. Stationery Office. 1829.
- ^
Boettger, T. F.
"Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or ? Knights of the Golden Fleece"
.
La Confrerie Amicale
. Retrieved
25 June
2019
.
- ^
"Ritter-Orden: Militarischer Maria-Theresien-Orden"
,
Hof- und Staats-Schematismus der ... Erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
, 1791, p. 434
, retrieved
13 September
2020
- ^
a
b
c
J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846).
Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter
. Berling. pp.
138
?139.
- ^
Teulet, Alexandre (1863).
"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'a son extinction (1578?1830)"
[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578?1830)].
Annuaire-bulletin de la Societe de l'histoire de France
(in French) (2): 113
. Retrieved
20 May
2020
.
- ^
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Konigreichs Bayern: 1833
. Landesamt. 1833. p.
6
.
- ^
"Posttidningar, 30 April 1814"
. p. 2. Archived from
the original
on 22 February 2014
. Retrieved
20 May
2020
.
- ^
Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
The Knights of England
,
I
, London,
p. 51
- ^
Braganca, Jose Vicente de (2011).
"A Evolucao da Banda das Tres Ordens Militares (1789?1826)"
[The Evolution of the Band of the Three Military Orders (1789?1826)].
Lusiada Historia
(in Portuguese).
2
(8): 280.
ISSN
0873-1330
. Archived from
the original
on 2 November 2014
. Retrieved
17 March
2020
.
- ^
Angelo Scordo,
Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie
(PDF)
(in Italian), p. 8, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 March 2016
- ^
Luigi Cibrario (1869).
Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri
. Eredi Botta. p. 103.
- ^
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
(1834), "Großherzogliche Orden"
pp. 32
,
50
- ^
Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
[
Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 109.
Works cited
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Regnal titles
[
edit
]
Links to related articles
|
---|
|
---|
Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
| 1st generation
| |
---|
2nd generation
| |
---|
3rd generation
| |
---|
4th generation
| |
---|
5th generation
| |
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6th generation
| |
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7th generation
| |
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8th generation
| |
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9th generation
| |
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11th generation
| |
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12th generation
| |
---|
13th generation
| |
---|
14th generation
| |
---|
15th generation
| |
---|
16th generation
| | Habsburg
Tuscany
| |
---|
Palatines
of Hungary
| |
---|
|
---|
17th generation
| Descent of
Charles I
| |
---|
Tuscany
| |
---|
Palatines
| |
---|
|
---|
18th generation
| |
---|
19th generation
| |
---|
- S:
also an infante of Spain
- P:
also an infante of Portugal
- T:
also a prince of Tuscany
- M:
also a prince of Modena
- B:
also a prince of Belgium
|
Tuscan princes
|
---|
| 1st generation
| |
---|
2nd generation
| |
---|
3rd generation
| |
---|
4th generation
| |
---|
5th generation
| |
---|
6th generation
| |
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7th generation
| |
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8th generation
| |
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9th generation
| |
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10th generation
| |
---|
11th generation
| |
---|
12th generation
| |
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13th generation
| |
---|
* also an archduke of Austria
|
|
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| Belli-
gerents
| |
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Major
battles
| Prelude
| |
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1805
| |
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1806
| |
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1807
| |
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1808
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1809
| |
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1810
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1811
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1812
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1813
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1814
| |
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1815
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Info
| French and ally
military and
political leaders
| |
---|
Coalition
military and
political leaders
| |
---|
Related
conflicts
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