Ruler of Poland-Lithuania from 1733 to 1763
Augustus III
|
---|
|
|
Reign
| 5 October 1733 ?
5 October 1763
|
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Coronation
| 17 January 1734
Wawel Cathedral
,
Krakow
|
---|
Predecessor
| Stanisław I
|
---|
Successor
| Stanisław II Augustus
|
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|
Reign
| 1 February 1733 ?
5 October 1763
|
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Predecessor
| Frederick Augustus I
|
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Successor
| Frederick Christian
|
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|
Born
| 17 October 1696
Dresden
,
Electorate of Saxony
,
Holy Roman Empire
|
---|
Died
| 5 October 1763
(1763-10-05)
(aged 66)
Dresden, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
|
---|
Burial
| |
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Spouse
|
(
m.
1719; died 1757)
|
---|
Issue
More
| Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
Maria Amalia, Queen of Spain
Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony
Maria Josepha, Dauphine of France
Charles, Duke of Courland
Maria Christina, Abbess of Remiremont
Princess Maria Elisabeth
Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen
Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop-Elector of Trier
Maria Kunigunde, Abbess of Essen
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House
| Wettin
|
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Father
| Augustus II of Poland
|
---|
Mother
| Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
|
---|
Religion
| Catholic
(from 1712)
Lutheran
(until 1712)
|
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Signature
| |
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Augustus III
(
Polish
:
August III Sas
,
Lithuanian
:
Augustas III
; 17 October 1696 ? 5 October 1763) was
King of Poland
and
Grand Duke of Lithuania
from 1733 until 1763, as well as
Elector of Saxony
in the
Holy Roman Empire
where he was known as
Frederick Augustus II
(German:
Friedrich August II
).
He was the only legitimate son of
Augustus II the Strong
, and converted to
Catholicism
in 1712 to secure his candidacy for the Polish throne. In 1719 he married
Maria Josepha
, daughter of
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
, and became elector of
Saxony
following his father's death in 1733. Augustus was able to gain the support of
Charles VI
by agreeing to the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
and also gained recognition from Russian Empress
Anna
by supporting Russia's claim to the region of
Courland
. He was elected king of Poland by a small minority on 5 October 1733 and subsequently banished the former Polish king
Stanisław I
. He was crowned in
Krakow
on 17 January 1734.
[1]
Augustus was supportive of
Austria
against
Prussia
in the
War of Austrian Succession
and again in the
Seven Years' War
(1756), both of which resulted in Saxony being defeated and occupied by Prussia. In
Poland
, his rule was marked by the increasing influence of the
Czartoryski
and
Poniatowski
families, and by the intervention of
Catherine the Great
in Polish affairs. His rule deepened the social
anarchy
in Poland and increased the country's dependence on its neighbours, notably Prussia, Austria, and Russia. The
Russian Empire
prevented him from installing his family on the Polish throne, supporting instead the
aristocrat
Stanisław August Poniatowski
, the lover of Catherine the Great. Throughout his reign, Augustus was known to be more interested in ease and pleasure than in the affairs of state; this notable patron of the arts left the administration of Saxony and Poland to his chief adviser,
Heinrich von Bruhl
, who in turn left Polish administration chiefly to the powerful Czartoryski family.
Royal titles
[
edit
]
Royal titles in
Latin
:
Augustus tertius, Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Kijoviæ, Volhiniæ, Podoliæ, Podlachiæ, Livoniæ, Smolensciæ, Severiæ, Czerniechoviæque, nec non-hæreditarius dux Saxoniæ et princeps elector etc.
English translation:
August III, by the grace of God, King of
Poland
, Grand Duke of
Lithuania
,
Ruthenia
,
Prussia
,
Masovia
,
Samogitia
,
Kiev
,
Volhynia
,
Podolia
,
Podlachia
,
Livonia
,
Smolensk
,
Severia
,
Chernihiv
, and also hereditary Duke of
Saxony
and
Prince-Elector
, etc.
Biography
[
edit
]
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Augustus was born 17 October 1696 in
Dresden
, the only legitimate son of
Augustus II the Strong
,
Prince-Elector
of
Saxony
and ruler of the
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
who belonged to the
Albertine branch
of the
House of Wettin
. His mother was
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
, daughter of
Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
. Unlike his father, Christiane remained a fervent
Protestant
throughout her life and never set foot in Catholic Poland during her 30-year service as queen consort. Despite the pressure from Augustus II, she was never crowned at
Wawel
in
Krakow
and purely held a titular title of queen.
[2]
This move was viewed by the Polish nobility as a provocation and from the beginning the prince was treated with prejudice in Poland.
From his early years, Augustus was groomed to succeed as king of Poland-Lithuania; best tutors were hired from across the continent and the prince studied Polish, German, French and Latin.
[3]
He was taught Russian, but was unable to speak it fluently,
[4]
as well as
exact sciences
including mathematics, chemistry and geography.
[4]
He also practiced
equestrianism
in his youth.
[5]
While his father spent time in Poland, the young Augustus was left in the care of his grandmother,
Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark
, who initially raised him
Lutheran
.
[6]
This was particularly unfavourable for the Poles, who wouldn't accept or tolerate a Protestant monarch. As a consequence, a troubled Augustus II organized a tour of Catholic countries in Europe for his son which he hoped would bring him closer to Catholicism and break the bond between him and his controlling grandmother. In
Venice
, the Polish entourage thwarted a kidnapping attempt organized by British agents of
Queen Anne
in order to prevent him from converting.
[7]
[8]
He also witnessed the coronation of
Charles VI
in 1711 after the death of his brother and predecessor,
Joseph I
.
[5]
Augustus eventually converted to
Catholicism
in November 1712 while extensively touring
Italy
, and its cultural and religious heritage.
[6]
He was then under the supervision of the
Jesuits
, who certainly contributed to the cause. The public announcement of conversion in 1717 triggered discontent among the
Protestant
Saxon aristocracy.
[6]
[9]
[10]
Faced with a hereditary Catholic succession for Saxony,
Prussia
and
Hanover
attempted to oust Saxony from the directorship of the
Protestant body in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire
, but Saxony managed to retain the directorship.
[11]
On 26 September 1714, Augustus was warmly welcomed by
Louis XIV of France
at
Versailles
. Louis rejoiced when he heard that Augustus converted to Catholicism and permitted him to stay at the royal court and in
Paris
. The young prince participated in balls,
masquerades
and private parties that were hosted by the Sun King himself.
[5]
During this time, Augustus improved his knowledge of the French language and learnt how to approach politics and diplomacy.
[5]
In June 1715, he departed Versailles and travelled across France, visiting
Bordeaux
,
Moissac
,
Toulouse
,
Carcassonne
,
Marseille
and
Lyon
.
[5]
Apart from sightseeing, the purpose of this trip was to understand how cities and villages function. Being brought up in great wealth, Augustus was not entirely aware of how extensive poverty and poor living conditions could be in the countryside.
Marriage and wedding
[
edit
]
On 20 August 1719, Augustus married
Maria Josepha of Austria
in
Vienna
. She was the daughter of the deceased Emperor Joseph I and niece of Charles VI of the
Holy Roman Empire
, whose coronation young Augustus attended. This marriage wasn't coincidental; Augustus II the Strong orchestrated it to maintain the position of the Saxons within the Holy Roman Empire. The alliance with Catholic Charles would prove fruitful in case of hostile or armed opposition from the Protestant states within the Empire. Ten days earlier, on 10 August 1719, Maria Josepha was forced to renounce her claim to the throne of Austria in favour of her uncle's daughter,
Maria Theresa
. In accordance with the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
issued by Charles, a female heir or the eldest daughter would be permitted to inherit the throne of Austria. Augustus II also hoped to place Saxony in a better position should there arise a war of succession to the Austrian territories.
[12]
The wedding celebration in Dresden was one of the most splendorous and expensive of the Baroque era in Europe.
[13]
Over 800 guests were invited for a 2-week celebration. The main banquet was held in a chamber that was transformed into an artificial silver mine to astound the invitees. Apart from exotic dishes, over 500 deer were brought in from the
Białowie?a Forest
for the feast. Approximately 4 million
thalers
were spent for this occasion.
[13]
Succession
[
edit
]
Augustus II died suddenly on 1 February 1733, following a
Sejm
(Polish parliament) session in
Warsaw
. Augustus III inherited the Saxon electorate without any problems, but his election to the Polish throne was much more complicated. Shortly before the ailing king died, Prussia, Austria and Russia signed a pact known as the
Treaty of the Three Black Eagles
, which would prevent Augustus III and
Stanisław Leszczy?ski
from inheriting the Polish throne. The
royal elections in Poland
and the elective monarchy, in general, weakened the country and allowed other powers to meddle in Polish affairs. The neighbouring countries that signed the treaty preferred a neutral monarch like
Infante Manuel, Count of Ourem
, brother of
John V of Portugal
, or any living relative of the
Piast dynasty
. The agreement had provisions for all three powers to agree that it was in their best interest that their common neighbour, the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not undertake any reforms that might strengthen it and trigger expansionism. The new king would also have to maintain friendly relations with these countries.
The treaty quickly became ineffective as Prussia began to support Leszczy?ski and allowed him safe passage from France to Poland through German lands. As a result, Austria and Russia signed on 19 August 1733 the Lowenwolde's Treaty, named after
Karl Gustav von Lowenwolde
. The terms of Lowenwolde's Treaty were direct; Russia opted for a
quid pro quo
? they would provide troops to ensure Augustus III was elected king and in turn, Augustus would recognise
Anna Ivanovna
as
Empress of Russia
, thus relinquishing Polish claims to
Livonia
and
Courland
.
[14]
[15]
Austria received a promise that as king, Augustus would both renounce any claim to the Austrian succession and continue respecting the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
.
[16]
War of the Polish Succession
[
edit
]
Augustus on his candidacy to the Polish throne was opposed by
Stanisław I Leszczy?ski
(Stanislaus I), who had usurped the throne with
Swedish
support during the
Great Northern War
. Reigning from 1706 until 1709, Stanisław was overthrown after the Swedish
defeat at Poltava
. Returning from exile in 1733 with the support of
Louis XV of France
and
Spain
, Stanisław sparked the
War of the Polish Succession
.
Throughout the spring and summer of 1733,
France
began mobilizing and stationing forces along its northern and eastern borders, while Austria massed troops on the Polish frontier, reducing garrisons in the
Duchy of Milan
for the purpose. Prince
Eugene of Savoy
recommended to the emperor a more warlike posture against its longtime rival, France. He suggested that the
Rhine
valley and northern Italy should be strengthened with more troops, however only minimal steps were taken to improve imperial defences on the Rhine. In July 1733, Augustus agreed to Austria's and Russia's terms per Lowenwolde's Treaty. During the
election sejm
in August, Russian troops counting 30,000 men under the command of
Peter Lacy
entered Poland to secure Augustus' succession. The election was
de jure
won by Stanisław, with 12,000 votes. Augustus received 3,000, however, he had the support of Poland's influential, wealthiest and most corrupt
magnates
, such as
Michał Serwacy Wi?niowiecki
.
The Franco-Spanish coalition declared war on Austria and Saxony on 10 October. The Italian states of
Savoy
-
Sardinia
and
Parma
also joined the struggle against Austrian rule in northern Italy. Most of the battles took place outside of Poland and the main focus of the war was personal interests and demonstration of superiority. The Russian-Saxon forces chased Stanisław until he was
besieged at Gda?sk (Danzig)
on 22 February 1734. In June, when the garrisons at Gda?sk surrendered, Stanisław fled to
Konigsberg
and then back to France. The
Pacification Sejm
in 1736
de facto
confirmed Augustus III as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
To this day, the aphorism and phrase
od Sasa do Lasa
(lit. from the Saxon to Leszczy?ski) exists in the Polish language and is used when describing two completely opposite things in everyday life.
[17]
Reign and diplomacy
[
edit
]
Poland
[
edit
]
As King, Augustus was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish?Lithuanian dominion, focusing instead on hunting, the opera, and the collection of artwork at the
Gemaldegalerie Alte Meister
. He spent less than three years of his thirty-year reign in Poland, where political feuding between the
House of Czartoryski
and the
Potocki
paralyzed the
Sejm
(
Liberum veto
), fostering internal political anarchy and weakening the Commonwealth. Augustus delegated most of his powers and responsibilities in the Commonwealth to
Heinrich von Bruhl
, who served in effect as the viceroy of Poland. Bruhl in turn left the politics in Poland to the most powerful magnates and nobles, which resulted in widespread corruption.
[18]
Under Augustus, Poland was not involved in any major conflicts which further lessened its position in Europe and allowed the neighbouring countries to take advantage of the disorder. Any opposition was violently crushed by Bruhl, who used either Saxon or Russian forces that permanently stationed in the country.
[18]
Bruhl was a skillful diplomat and strategist; Augustus could only be reached through him if an important political feud arose. He was also the head of the Saxon court in Dresden and was fond of collectibles, such as gadgets, jewellery and
Meissen porcelain
, the most famous being the
Swan Service
composed of 2,200 individual pieces made between 1737 and 1741.
[19]
It has been described as possibly "the finest table service ever produced" and part of it are exhibited at the
National Museum in Warsaw
.
[19]
He also owned the largest collections of watches, vests, wigs and hats in Europe, though this cannot be accurately assessed.
[20]
[21]
Bruhl was depicted by his rivals as a
nouveau-riche
materialist, who used his wealth to gain support. His lavish spending was immortalized by Augustus' reported question to the viceroy "Bruhl, do I have money?"
[18]
By 1748 Augustus III completed extending the
Saxon Palace
in Warsaw and made significant contributions in remodelling the
Royal Castle
. In 1750, von Bruhl purchased a residence adjacent to the larger Saxon Palace and transformed it into a
rococo
masterpiece, which later became known as the
Bruhl Palace
. Both buildings were completely destroyed by the Nazis during
World War II
.
[22]
War of the Austrian Succession
[
edit
]
With the marriage to the Austrian princess
Maria Josepha
, Augustus was bound to accept the succession of her cousin,
Maria Theresa
, as Archduchess of
Austria
and Queen of
Hungary
and
Bohemia
. Saxony mediated between the friendly French faction and the Habsburg faction of Maria Theresa. Between 1741 and 1742 Saxony was allied with France, but changed sides with the help of Austrian diplomats.
[23]
In the first days of December 1740, the Prussians assembled along the
Oder
river and on 16 December,
Frederick II
invaded
Silesia
without a formal declaration of war. The Austrian troops which then stationed in Silesia were poorly supplied and outnumbered as the Habsburgs concentrated their supreme force on Hungary and Italy. They held onto the fortresses of
Glogau
,
Breslau
, and
Brieg
, but abandoned the rest of the region and withdrew into
Moravia
. This campaign gave Prussia control of most of the richest provinces in the
Habsburg monarchy
, with the commercial centre of Breslau as well as mining, weaving and dyeing industries. Silesia was also rich in natural resources such as coal,
chalk
,
copper
and gold.
Saxony joined Austria in the
Second Silesian War
, which erupted after Prussia proclaimed its support of
Charles VII
as Holy Roman Emperor and invaded Bohemia on 15 August 1744. The true cause behind the invasion was Frederick's personal
expansionist
ideas and goals. On 8 January 1745, the
Treaty of Warsaw
united
Great Britain
, the Habsburg monarchy, the
Dutch Republic
and Saxony into what became known as the "Quadruple Alliance", which was aimed at securing the Austrian throne for Maria Theresa. Soon-after Charles VII died of
gout
in Munich, which weakened the Prussians. However, Prussia still maintained military superiority; the successful battles of
Hennersdorf
and
Kesselsdorf
opened the way to Dresden, which Frederick occupied on 18 December. The
Treaty of Dresden
was eventually completed on Christmas Day (25 December) and Saxony was obliged to pay one million
rixdollars
in reparations to the Prussian state. The treaty ended the Second Silesian War with a
status quo ante bellum
.
Maria Theresa was finally recognized in her inheritance with the
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
in 1748, which proved a
Pyrrhic victory
for Augustus III; the conflict nearly bankrupted Saxony. Meanwhile, the affairs in Poland remained highly neglected.
Seven Years' War
[
edit
]
The
Electorate of Saxony
was involved in the
Seven Years' War
from 1756 to 1763. The Saxons were allied with Austria and Russia against
Frederick the Great
of Prussia, who saw Saxony as another potential field for expansion. Saxony was then merely a buffer zone between Prussia and Austrian
Bohemia
as well as
Silesia
, which Frederick attempted to annex in their entirety. Moreover, Saxony and Poland were separated by a strip of land in Silesia and
Lusatia
which made the movement of troops even more difficult. Frederick's plans also entailed annexing the
Electorate of Hanover
, but joining France would trigger an Austro-Russian attack and occupation. On 29 August 1756, the
Prussian Army
preemptively invaded Saxony, beginning the
Third Silesian War
, a theatre of the Seven Years' War. Saxony was bled dry and exploited at the maximum extent to support Prussia's war effort. The
Treaty of Hubertusburg
signed on 15 February 1763 ended the conflict with Frederick's victory and Saxony renounced its claim to Silesia.
Death
[
edit
]
In April 1763, Augustus returned ill and frail from Poland to Dresden with his closest advisors, leaving Primate
Władysław Aleksander Łubie?ski
behind to take care of the affairs in the Commonwealth.
[24]
He died suddenly on 5 October 1763 in Dresden from
apoplexy
(stroke).
[24]
Unlike his father who rests at
Wawel
in Krakow, Augustus III was buried at
Dresden Cathedral
and remains one of the few Polish monarchs who were buried outside of Poland.
Augustus's eldest surviving son,
Frederick Christian
, succeeded his father as elector but died two and a half months later.
In the Commonwealth, on 7 September 1764, with the small participation of the
szlachta
initiated by the Czartoryski's and the strong support of Russia,
Stanisław August Poniatowski
was elected king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Reigning under the name Stanisław II Augustus, Poniatowski was the son of the
elder Stanisław Poniatowski
, a powerful Polish noble and a onetime agent of Stanisław I; in youth he was a lover of
Catherine II of Russia
and as such enjoyed strong support from that Empress's court.
Legacy
[
edit
]
Patron of arts
[
edit
]
Augustus III was a great patron of the arts and architecture. During his reign the
Baroque
Catholic Church of the Royal Court in Dresden (present-day
Dresden Cathedral
) was built, in which he was later buried as one of the few Polish kings buried outside the
Wawel Cathedral
in
Krakow
. He greatly expanded the
Dresden art gallery
, to the extent that in 1747 it was placed in a new location at the present-day
Johanneum
, where it remained until 1855 when it was moved to the newly built
Semper Gallery
. In 1748 he founded the Opera House (
Operalnia
) in
Warsaw
and the
Collegium medico-chirurgicum
, the first medical school in Dresden.
[25]
During his reign, the extension of the
Saxon Palace
in Warsaw, begun by his father Augustus II, was completed, and the reconstruction of the eastern facade of the
Royal Castle
was ordered, thus creating the so-called Saxon Facade, an iconic part of the
Vistula
panorama of the
Warsaw Old Town
.
In 1733, the composer
Johann Sebastian Bach
dedicated the
Kyrie?Gloria Mass in B minor,
BWV 232 I
(early version)
, to Augustus in honor of his succession to the Saxon electorate, with the hope of appointment as Court Composer, a title Bach received three years later.
[26]
Bach's title of
Koeniglicher Pohlnischer Hoff Compositeur
(
Royal Polish Court Composer
, and court composer to the Elector of Saxony) is engraved on the title page of Bach's famous
Goldberg Variations
. Augustus III was also the patron of composer
Johann Adolph Hasse
, who was granted the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon
Kapellmeister
by his father, Augustus II, in 1731,
[27]
and thanks to Augustus III the same title was obtained in 1716 by composer
Johann David Heinichen
.
[28]
Personal life and criticism
[
edit
]
In 1732, a French priest named Gabriel Piotr Baudouin founded the first
orphanage
in Poland, situated in Warsaw's Old Town. The facility was later moved to the nearby Warecki Square (now
Warsaw Insurgents Square
), and in 1758 Augustus III decreed that the new institution be called
Szpital Generalny Dzieci?tka Jezus
(The General Hospital of Infant Jesus). The newly established hospital expanded its operations into treating not only orphans but also the sick and the poor.
[29]
Augustus remained a charitable man throughout his life and donated to the hospital. His successor, Stanisław Augustus, also contributed to the cause.
Despite his charitable manner, Augustus was viewed in Poland as an impotent monarch, obese, plump, ugly and lazy
sybarite
with no interest in the affairs of the state.
[30]
Such harsh critique and opinion continues to this day. On the other hand, historian Jacek Staszewski was able to find a description of Augustus' character in the Dresden archives in the late 1980s; he was considered an honest and affectionate man, who was widely respected during his reign by both the Saxons and the Poles.
[30]
In his personal life, Augustus was a devoted husband to Maria Josepha, with whom he had sixteen children. Unlike his father who was a notorious womanizer, he was never unfaithful and enjoyed spending time with his spouse, uncommon among the royalty in those days.
[31]
He also favoured hunting.
Depictions
[
edit
]
Augustus III was portrayed by
Ernst Dernburg
in the 1941 film
Friedemann Bach
.
Issue
[
edit
]
On 20 August 1719, Augustus married
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
, the eldest child of
Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor
. They had sixteen children, but only fourteen or fifteen are recognized by historians:
[9]
[10]
- Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (born Dresden, 18 November 1720 ? died Dresden, 22 January 1721)
- Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (born Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 ? died Dresden, 14 March 1728)
- Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xavier
(born Dresden, 5 September 1722 ? died Dresden, 17 December 1763), successor to his father as Elector of Saxony
- Unknown stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723)
- Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga
(born Dresden, 24 November 1724 ? died Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King
Charles III of Spain
- Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (born Dresden, 13 September 1727 ? died Dresden, 1 February 1734), died in childhood.
- Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria
(born Dresden, 29 August 1728 ? died Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to
Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
- Unknown child (1729?1730)
- Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno
(born Dresden, 25 August 1730 ? died Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763?1768)
- Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria
(born Dresden, 4 November 1731 ? died Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to
Louis, Dauphin of France (1729?1765)
, son of
Louis XV of France
(she was the mother of Kings
Louis XVI
,
Louis XVIII
and
Charles X
) of France
- Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xavier
(born Dresden, 13 July 1733 ? died Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of
Courland
and
Zemgale
(1758?1763)
- Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria
(born Warsaw, 12 February 1735 ? died Brumath, 19 November 1782),
Princess-Abbess
of
Remiremont
[32]
- Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria
(born Warsaw, 9 February 1736 ? died Dresden, 24 December 1818), died unmarried
[33]
- Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier
(born Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 ? died Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781?1793)
- Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xavier
(born Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 ? died Marktoberdorf, Allgau, 27 July 1812),
Archbishop of Trier
- Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina
(born Warsaw, 10 November 1740 ? died Dresden, 8 April 1826),
Princess-Abbess
of
Thorn
and
Essen
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Portrait of Crown Prince Augustus
-
Augustus III in Sarmatian costume, by
Louis de Silvestre
,
c.
1737
-
Coat of arms of Augustus III of Poland as vicar of the Holy Roman Empire
-
Entry of Augustus III into Warsaw
by Johann Samuel Mock
-
Crown Regalia of King Augustus and Maria Josepha
-
Ancestry
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Augustus III of Poland
|
---|
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- ^
"Augustus III | king of Poland and elector of Saxony"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
.
- ^
Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660?1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)
- ^
Jacek Staszewski,
August III Sas
, Wrocław, 2010, p. 27?29, 70 (in Polish)
- ^
a
b
Staszewski,
Op. cit.
, p. 28
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"August III - przedostatni krol i jego legenda | Łazienki Krolewskie"
.
lazienki-krolewskie.pl
.
- ^
a
b
c
"August III Wettyn (krol Polski 1733?1763)"
.
TwojaHistoria.pl
.
- ^
"Polski slownik biograficzny: Kopernicki, I.-Kozłowska"
. Skład głowny w ksi?g, Gebethnera i Wolffa. 21 March 1935.
- ^
Konopczy?ski, Władysław (21 March 1969).
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External links
[
edit
]
Augustus III of Poland (Frederick Augustus II of Saxony)
Born:
17 October 1696
Died:
5 October 1763
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Preceded by
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King of Poland
1733?1763
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Elector of Saxony
1733?1763
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