Accent and dialect of English spoken in London
Cockney
is a
dialect
of the
English language
, mainly spoken in
London
and its environs, particularly by Londoners with
working-class
and
lower middle-class
roots. The term
Cockney
is also used as a
demonym
for a person from the
East End
,
[1]
[2]
[3]
or, traditionally, born within earshot of
Bow Bells
.
[4]
[5]
[6]
Estuary English
is an intermediate accent between Cockney and
Received Pronunciation
, also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England.
[7]
[8]
[9]
In
multicultural
areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by
Multicultural London English
?a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence.
Words and phrases
[
edit
]
Etymology of
Cockney
[
edit
]
The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of
William Langland
's
Piers Plowman
, where it is used to mean "a small, misshapen
egg
", from
Middle English
coken
+
ey
("a
cock
's egg").
[10]
Concurrently, the
mythical land
of luxury
Cockaigne
(
attested
from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including
Cockayne
,
Cocknay
, and
Cockney
, and became humorously associated with the
English
capital
London
.
[11]
[13]
The current meaning of
Cockney
comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers,
[15]
[10]
from an earlier general sense (encountered in "
The Reeve's Tale
" of
Geoffrey Chaucer
's
The Canterbury Tales
c.
1386
) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a
milksop
".
[16]
This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as "
cock
" and "
cocker
" which both have the sense of "to make a
nestle-cock
... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper".
[18]
[19]
By 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the
Bow Bells
area.
[4]
[20]
In 1617, the travel writer
Fynes Moryson
stated in his
Itinerary
that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in
reproach
called Cockneys."
[21]
The same year,
John Minsheu
included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary
Ductor in Linguas
.
[25]
Other terms
[
edit
]
- Cockney sparrow
: Refers to the archetype of a cheerful, talkative Cockney.
- Cockney diaspora
: The term Cockney diaspora refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to places outside London, especially
new towns
.
[26]
It also refers to the descendants of those people, in areas where there was enough migration for identification with London to persist in subsequent generations.
- Mockney
: Refers to a fake Cockney accent, though the term is sometimes also used as a self-deprecatory moniker by second, third, and subsequent generations of the Cockney diaspora.
Region
[
edit
]
Initially, when London consisted of little more than the
walled
City
, the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century.
[11]
As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells.
The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within the audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind. but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do.
[27]
London's East End
[
edit
]
The traditional core districts of the
East End
include
Middlesex
towns of
Bethnal Green
,
Whitechapel
,
Spitalfields
,
Stepney
,
Wapping
,
Limehouse
,
Poplar
,
Haggerston
,
Aldgate
,
Shoreditch
, the
Isle of Dogs
,
Hackney
,
Hoxton
,
Bow
and
Mile End
[(Stratford)]. The informal definition of the East End gradually expanded to include towns in south-west
Essex
such as Forest Gate,
East Ham
,
Leyton
,
Plaistow
,
Stratford
,
Walthamstow
and
West Ham
as these formed part of London's growing
conurbation
.
Bow Bells' audible range
[
edit
]
The church of
St Mary-le-Bow
is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in the City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells,
[28]
cast at the
Whitechapel Bell Foundry
, reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London.
The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of the year,
[29]
to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. A 2012 study
[30]
showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as
Clapton
,
Bow
and
Stratford
in the east but only as far as
Southwark
to the
south
and
Holborn
in the
west
. An earlier study
[31]
suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in the modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as
Shoreditch
. According to legend,
Dick Whittington
heard the bells 4.5 miles away at
Highgate
Hill, in what is now
north London
. The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south.
The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the
Great Fire of London
and rebuilt by
Sir Christopher Wren
. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in
the Blitz
, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the
British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born.
[32]
The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since the area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution means few are born within earshot.
Dialect
[
edit
]
Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use
rhyming slang
. The
Survey of English Dialects
took a recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the
BBC
made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed.
[34]
[35]
One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is
th-fronting
.
The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by
Essex
and related eastern dialects,
while borrowings from
Yiddish
, including
kosher
(originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning
legitimate
) and
shtum
(
/?t?m/
originally German, via Yiddish, meaning
mute
),
[37]
as well as
Romani
, for example
wonga
(meaning
money
, from the Romani "wanga" meaning coal),
[38]
and
cushty
(Kushty) (from the Romani
kushtipen
, meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech.
John Camden Hotten, in his
Slang Dictionary
of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the
costermongers
of London's East End.
Migration and evolution
[
edit
]
A dialectological study of
Leytonstone
in 1964 found that the area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by
Eva Sivertsen
, but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney.
[39]
Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by
Multicultural London English
, a
multiethnolect
particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds.
[40]
Nevertheless, the
glottal stop
, double negatives, and the
vocalisation of the dark L
(and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some
rhyming slang
terms are still in common usage.
An influential July 2010 report by
Paul Kerswill
, professor of sociolinguistics at
Lancaster University
,
Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety
, predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years.
[40]
The study, funded by the
Economic and Social Research Council
, said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English, a new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned
English as a second language
", Kerswill said.
[40]
A series of
new
and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of
Hemel Hempstead
,
Basildon
, and
Harlow
, and expanded towns such as
Grays
,
Chelmsford
and
Southend
. However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects
Alexander John Ellis
in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to the influence of Essex dialect on London speech.
Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the
Becontree
estate in
Dagenham
as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the
Corporation of London
to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect.
Wright also reports that the Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes.
A more distant example where the accent stands out is
Thetford
in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by the London County Council.
[43]
Typical features
[
edit
]
As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is
non-rhotic
. A final
-er
is pronounced
[
?
]
or lowered
[
?
]
in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets
COMM
A
and
LETT
ER
,
PALM/BATH
and
START
,
THOUGHT
and
NORTH/FORCE
, are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as
cheetah
can be pronounced
[
?
]
as well in broad Cockney.
[45]
A broad
/?ː/
is used in words such as
bath, path, demand
. This originated in London in the 16th?17th centuries and is also part of
Received Pronunciation
(RP).
The accent features
T-glottalisation
, with use of the glottal stop as an
allophone
of
/t/
in various positions,
including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for
/k/
and
/p/
, and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example,
Richard Whiteing
spelled "Hyde Park" as
Hy' Par'
.
Like
and
light
can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as
Cla'am
(i.e.,
[?kl???m?]
).
/t/
may also be
flapped
intervocalically, e.g.
utter
[?a??]
. London
/p,
t,
k/
are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g.,
upper
[?ap??]
,
utter
[?at??]
,
rocker
[???k??]
,
up
[?a?p?]
,
out
[?æ???t?]
,
rock
[????k?]
, where
RP
is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication
[p??,
t??,
k??]
. Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position.
This feature results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about
Semitic languages
while explaining how to pronounce the
glottal stop
.
Cockney also demonstrates:
- Th
-fronting
:
- /θ/
can become
[
f
]
in any environment.
[f?n]
"thin",
[m?fs]
"maths".
- /ð/
can become
[
v
]
in any environment except word-initially when it can be
[
ð
,
ð?
,
d
,
l
,
?
,
?]
.
[dæ?]
"they",
[?b?v?]
"bother".
- Yod
-coalescence, in words such as
tune
[t???ːn]
or
reduce
[???d??ːs]
(compare traditional RP
[?tjuːn,
???djuːs]
).
[55]
- The
alveolar stops
/t/
,
/d/
are often omitted in informal Cockney, in non-prevocalic environments, including some that cannot be omitted in Received Pronunciation. Examples include
[?dæz??n?]
Dad's gonna
and
[?t?ːn
?lef]
turn left
.
- H
-dropping
. Sivertsen considers that
[
h
]
is to some extent a stylistic marker of emphasis in Cockney.
[57]
[58]
Diphthong alterations in Cockney are:
- /iː/
→
[?i~?i]
:
[b?i?]
"beet"
- /e?/
→
[æ?~a?]
:
[bæ??]
"bait"
- /a?/
→
[??]
or even
[??]
in "vigorous, dialectal" Cockney. The second element may be reduced or absent (with compensatory lengthening of the first element), so that there are variants such as
[???~
??ː
]
. This means that pairs such as
laugh
-
life
,
Barton
-
biting
may become homophones:
[l?ːf]
,
[b?ː?n?]
. But this neutralisation is an optional, recoverable one:
[b???]
"bite"
- /??/
→
[???~o?]
:
[?t??o?s]
"choice"
- /uː/
→
[??]
or a monophthongal
[?ː]
, perhaps with little lip rounding,
[?ː]
or
[?ː]
:
[b?ː?]
"boot"
- /??/
→ this diphthong typically starts in the area of the London
/?/
,
[
æ?
~
?
]
. The endpoint may be
[
?
]
, but more commonly, it is rather opener and completely unrounded, i.e.
[
??
]
or
[
???
]
. Thus, the most common variants are
[æ???,
æ????,
???]
and
[????]
, with
[æ??]
and
[??]
also being possible. The broadest Cockney variant approaches
[a?]
. There's also a variant that is used only by women, namely
[?ø
~
œ?ø]
. In addition, there are two monophthongal pronunciations,
[
??ː
]
as in 'no, nah' and
[
œ?
]
, which is used in non-prominent variants.
[k?????]
"coat"
- /??/
and
/e?/
have somewhat tenser onsets than in RP:
[i?]
,
[???]
- /??/
, according to
Wells (1982)
, is being increasingly merged with
/?ː/
~
/??/
.
- /a?/
may be
[æ?]
or
[æ?]
.
- /??/
,
/e?/
,
/??/
,
/??/
and
/a?/
can be monophthongized to
[
?ː
]
,
[
?ː
]
,
[
?ː
]
(if it doesn't merge with
/?ː/
~
/??/
),
[
?ː
]
and
[
æː
]
~
[
aː
]
.
Wells (1982)
states that "no rigid rules can be given for the distribution of monophthongal and diphthongal variants, though the tendency seems to be for the monophthongal variants to be commonest within the utterance, but the diphthongal realizations in utterance-final position, or where the syllable in question is otherwise prominent."
- Disyllabic
[?i.?,
?i.?,
?u.?,
æi.?]
realizations of
/i?,
e?,
??,
æ?/
are also possible, and at least
[?i.?,
?u.?,
æi.?]
are regarded as very strongly Cockney.
Among these, the triphthongal realization of
/??/
occurs most commonly.
There is not a complete agreement about the distribution of these; according to
Wells (1982)
, they "occur in sentence-final position",
whereas according to
Mott (2012)
, these are "most common in final position".
Other vowel differences include
- /æ/
may be
[
?
]
or
[??]
, with the latter occurring before voiced consonants, particularly before
/d/
:
[b?k]
"back",
[b?ː?d]
"bad"
- /?/
may be
[e?]
,
[e?]
, or
[??]
before certain voiced consonants, particularly before
/d/
:
[be?d]
"bed"
- /?/
may be a somewhat less open
[
?
]
:
[k???]
"cot"
- /?ː/
has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to
cardinal 5
, which Beaken (1971) claims characterizes "vigorous, informal" Cockney.
- /?ː/
is on occasion somewhat fronted and lightly rounded, giving Cockney variants such as
[
??ː
]
,
[
œ?ː
]
.
- /?/
→
[
??
]
or a quality like that of cardinal 4,
[
a
]
:
[d?am??t?ap?]
"jumped up"
- /?ː/
→
[
oː
]
or a closing diphthong of the type
[o?~?o]
when in non-final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney:
[so?s]
"sauce"-"source",
[lo?d]
"laud"-"lord",
[?wo???]
"water."
- /?ː/
→
[
?ː
]
or a centering diphthong/triphthong of the type
[??~?u?]
when in final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney; thus
[s??]
"saw"-"sore"-"soar",
[l??]
"law"-"lore",
[w??]
"war"-"wore". The diphthong is retained before inflectional endings, so that
board
and
pause
can contrast with
bored
[b??d]
and
paws
[p???z]
.
/??/
has a somewhat tenser onset than the cardinal
/?/
, that is
[???]
.
- /??/
becomes something around
[??~?o]
or even
[a?]
in broad Cockney before
dark l
. These variants are retained when the addition of a suffix turns the dark l
clear
. Thus a phonemic split has occurred in London English, exemplified by the minimal pair
wholly
[?h??li]
vs.
holy
[?h???li]
. The development of
L
-vocalisation (see next section) leads to further pairs such as
sole
-
soul
[s??]
vs.
so
-
sew
[s???]
,
bowl
[b??]
vs.
Bow
[b???]
,
shoulder
[????d?]
vs.
odour
[????d?]
, while associated vowel neutralisations may make
doll
a homophone of
dole
, compare
dough
[d???]
. All this reinforces the phonemic nature of the opposition and increases its functional load. It is now well-established in all kinds of London-flavoured accents, from broad Cockney to near-RP.
- /?/
in some words (particularly
good
)
is central
[
??
]
.
In other cases, it is near-close near-back
[
?
]
, as in traditional RP.
The dialect uses the
vocalisation of dark L
, hence
[?m?owoː]
for
Millwall
. The actual realization of a vocalized
/l/
is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realized as
[u]
,
[?]
,
[o]
or
[?]
. It is also transcribed as a
semivowel
[w]
by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne.
However, according to
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
, the vocalized dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP
[?]
only by the lack of the alveolar contact.
Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L (
[?]
) or its vocalized version; these include:
- In broad Cockney, and to some extent in general popular London speech, a vocalized
/l/
is entirely absorbed by a preceding
/?ː/
: e.g.,
salt
and
sort
become homophones (although the contemporary pronunciation of
salt
/s?lt/
[82]
would prevent this from happening), and likewise
fault
-
fought
-
fort
,
pause
-
Paul's
,
Morden
-
Malden
,
water
-
Walter
. Sometimes such pairs are kept apart, in a more deliberate speech at least, by a kind of length difference:
[?m??dn?]
Morden
vs.
[?m??ːdn?]
Malden
.
- A preceding
/?/
is also fully absorbed into vocalised
/l/
. The reflexes of earlier
/?l/
and earlier
/?ː(l)/
are thus phonetically similar or identical; speakers are usually ready to treat them as the same phoneme. Thus
awful
can best be regarded as containing two occurrences of the same vowel,
/??ːf?ː/
. The difference between
musical
and
music-hall
, in an
H
-dropping broad Cockney, is thus nothing more than a matter of stress and perhaps syllable boundaries.
- With the remaining vowels, a vocalized
/l/
is not absorbed but remains phonetically present as a back vocoid in such a way that
/Vl/
and
/V/
are kept distinct.
- The clearest and best-established neutralisations are those of
/?~iː~??/
and
/?~uː~??/
. Thus
rill
,
reel
and
real
fall together in Cockney as
[???]
; while
full
and
fool
are
[fo?~f?u]
and may rhyme with
cruel
[?k???u]
. Before clear (i.e., prevocalic)
/l/
the neutralisations do not usually apply, thus
[?s?li]
silly
but
[?s?il?n]
ceiling
-
sealing
,
[?f?li]
fully
but
[?f?ul?n]
fooling
.
- In some broader types of Cockney, the neutralisation of
/?~uː~??/
before non-prevocalic
/l/
may also involve
/?ː/
, so that
fall
becomes homophonous with
full
and
fool
[f?o]
.
- The other pre-
/l/
neutralisation which all investigators agree on is that of
/æ~e?~a?/
. Thus,
Sal
and
sale
can be merged as
[sæ?]
,
fail
and
fowl
as
[fæ?]
, and
Val
,
vale
-
veil
and
vowel
as
[væ?]
. The typical pronunciation of
railway
is
[??æ?wæ?]
.
- According to Siversten,
/?ː/
and
/a?/
can also join in this neutralisation. They may, on the one hand, neutralize concerning one another so that
snarl
and
smile
rhyme, both ending
[-??]
, and
Child's Hill
is in danger of being mistaken for
Charles Hill
; or they may go further into a fivefold neutralization with the one just mentioned, so that
pal
,
pale
,
foul
,
snarl
and
pile
all end in
[-æ?]
. But these developments are restricted to broad Cockney, not being found in London speech in general.
- A neutralization discussed by Beaken (1971) and Bowyer (1973), but ignored by Siversten (1960), is that of
/?~??~?/
. It leads to the possibility of
doll
,
dole
and
dull
becoming homophonous as
[d??]
or
[da??]
. Wells' impression is that the
doll
-
dole
neutralization is rather widespread in London, but that involving
dull
less so.
- One further possible neutralization in the environment of a following non-prevocalic
/l/
is that of
/?/
and
/?ː/
, so that
well
and
whirl
become homophonous as
[w??]
.
Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing
/?/
with
/w/
. For example,
thwee
(or
fwee
) instead of
three
,
fwasty
instead of
frosty
. Peter Wright, a
Survey of English Dialects
fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain.
This description may also be a result of mishearing the
labiodental R
as
/w/
, when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney.
An unstressed final
-ow
may be pronounced
[
?
]
. In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to
[
?
]
.
[45]
This is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the
West Country
.
Regarding grammar, Cockney uses
me
instead of
my
, for example, "At's me book you got 'ere". (where 'ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasized; e.g., "At's
my
book you got 'ere." It also uses the term
ain't
, as well as
double negatives
, for example, "I didn't see nuffink".
By the 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called
Estuary English
; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds.
[86]
[87]
[88]
Perception
[
edit
]
The Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the
London County Council
, stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the
Empire
".
[89]
Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old Kentish tongue [...] the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech".
[89]
Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the
BBC
(except in entertainment programs such as
The Sooty Show
) was the
RP
of Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC.
[90]
In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, Cockney was voted equal fourth
coolest
accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while
The Queen's English
was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes.
[91]
Brummie
was voted least popular, receiving just 2%. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by
Ealing Studios
and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by
Walt Disney
, though this was only so in London.
Spread
[
edit
]
Studies have indicated that the heavy use of
South East England
accents on television and radio may have caused the spread of Cockney English since the 1960s.
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard.
[96]
Scotland
[
edit
]
Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as
Glasgow
have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech.
[97]
infiltrating the traditional
Glasgow patter
.
[98]
For example,
TH
-fronting is commonly found, and typical
Scottish
features such as the postvocalic
/r/
are reduced.
[99]
Research suggests the use of
English
speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and
South East England
accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera
EastEnders
.
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
However, such claims have been criticized.
[100]
England
[
edit
]
Certain features of Cockney ?
Th
-fronting
,
L
-vocalisation
,
T
-glottalisation
, and the fronting of the
GOAT
and
GOOSE
vowels ? have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain.
[101]
However,
Clive Upton
has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland.
[102]
The term
Estuary English
has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the
Times Educational Supplement
in October 1984.
[103]
Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace
Received Pronunciation
in the south-east. The phonetician
John C. Wells
collected media references to Estuary English on
a website
. Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently".
[104]
Pearly tradition
[
edit
]
The
Pearly Kings and Queens
are famous as an East End institution, but that perception is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including
Peckham
and
Penge
in south London.
[
citation needed
]
Notable Cockneys
[
edit
]
- Adele
, musician, from
Tottenham
[105]
- Danny Baker
, broadcaster, born in
Deptford
[106]
- Michael Barrymore
, actor, comedian, and television presenter, born in
Bermondsey
[107]
- Alfie Bass
, actor, from
Bethnal Green
[108]
- David Beckham
, footballer, born in
Leytonstone
, raised in
Chingford
[109]
- Rob Beckett
, comedian, from
Lewisham
[110]
- Roger Bisby
, DIY expert, television presenter, and journalist, born in the
City of London
- Russell Brand
, comedian, actor, television presenter, YouTuber, author, activist, from
Grays
- Jay Blades
, furniture restorer and television presenter, from
Hackney
- Jamie Borthwick
, actor, born in
Barking
- Billy Bragg
, musician, from
Barking
[111]
- Eric Bristow
, darts champion, born in
Hackney
, nicknamed the "Crafty Cockney"
[112]
- James Buckley
, actor and comedian known for playing Jay in
The Inbetweeners
, born in
Croydon
, raised in
Dagenham
- Jimmy Bullard
, footballer and television personality, born in
East Ham
- Garry Bushell
, journalist and rock musician, from
Woolwich
- Michael Caine
, actor, born in
Rotherhithe
,
[113]
raised in
Southwark
and
Elephant and Castle
- Harry Champion
, music hall singer and comedian, born in
Bethnal Green
- Charlie Chaplin
, comic actor, filmmaker, and composer, 16 April 1889, born in
Walworth
, raised in
Kennington
[115]
- Lorraine Chase
, actress and model, from
Deptford
- Albert Chevalier
, Victorian music hall singer, born in
Royal Crescent
- Rylan Clark
, television personality, presenter, and singer, born in
Stepney
- Cockney Rejects
, credited with creating a sub-genre of punk rock called
Oi!
, which gained its name from the use of Cockney dialect
[116]
- Joe Cole
, footballer, born in
Paddington
, raised in
Somers Town
[117]
- Gemma Collins
, media personality and businesswoman, born in
Romford
[118]
- Roisin Conaty
, comedian and actress, from
Camden
[119]
- Brian Conley
, comedian, television presenter, and actor, born in
Paddington
[120]
- Henry Cooper
, boxer, born in
Lambeth
- Tony Cottee
, footballer and commentator, born in
Forest Gate
, raised in
East Ham
- Dave Courtney
, author and former gangster, born in
Bermondsey
- Phil Daniels
, actor from
Islington
[121]
- Dapper Laughs
, comedian from
Kingston upon Thames
- Jack Dash
, political activist, born in
Southwark
- Jim Davidson
, comedian and television presenter, from
Kidbrooke
[122]
- Steve Davis
, former snooker world champion, from
Plumstead
- Peter Dean
, actor, born in
Hoxton
[123]
- Devlin
, rapper, born in
Bermondsey
, raised in
Dagenham
- Chris Difford
, musician from
Greenwich
- Louis Dunford
, musician from
Islington
- Ian Dury
, musician, born in
Harrow
, raised in
Cranham
[124]
[125]
- Dani Dyer
, actress and television personality, from
Newham
- Danny Dyer
, actor and TV presenter, from
Custom House
[126]
- Joey Essex
, television personality, born in
Southwark
[127]
[128]
- Craig Fairbrass
, actor, born in
Mile End
[129]
- Perry Fenwick
, actor, from
Canning Town
[130]
- Johnny Fisher
, boxer from
Romford
known as the Romford Bull
- Micky Flanagan
, comedian, born in
Whitechapel
, raised in
Bethnal Green
- Alan Ford
, actor, born in
Walworth
[131]
[132]
[133]
- Jamie Foreman
, actor, born in
Bermondsey
- "Mad" Frankie Fraser
, gangster, born in
Waterloo
and raised in
Elephant and Castle
- Dean Gaffney
, actor, born in
Hammersmith
[134]
- Bill Gardner
, former football hooligan, born in
Hornchurch
- Bobby George
, darts player and television presenter, born in
Manor Park
[135]
[136]
- Len Goodman
, ballroom dancer and television personality, from
Bethnal Green
[137]
- Leslie Grantham
, actor, born in
Camberwell
- Jimmy Greaves
, footballer, born in
Manor Park
, raised in
Hainault
[138]
- Tony Hadley
, lead singer of
Spandau Ballet
, from
Islington
- Steve Harley
, musician, frontman of the band
Cockney Rebel
, born in
Deptford
- Simon Harris
, DJ and record producer, born in
Westminster
- Steve Harris
, musician, founder of
Iron Maiden
, from
Leytonstone
[139]
- Brian Harvey
, musician and original lead singer of
East 17
, from
Walthamstow
[140]
- Barry Hearn
, sporting events promoter, born in
Dagenham
[141]
- Eddie Hearn
, sporting events promoter, born in
Dagenham
[142]
- Gordon Hill
, also known as the Wealdstone Raider,
internet meme
, from
Wealdstone
- Alfred Hitchcock
, film director, born in
Leytonstone
and raised there,
Limehouse
and
Stepney
.
- Glenn Hoddle
, former football player and
England
manager, born in
Hayes
- Chas Hodges
, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo
Chas & Dave
, from
Edmonton
- Roy Hodgson
, football manager and former player, born in
Croydon
[143]
- Bob Hoskins
, actor, raised in
Finsbury Park
[144]
[145]
[146]
[147]
[148]
[149]
- Derek Jameson
, journalist and broadcaster from
Hackney
[150]
- Steve Jones
, rock guitarist with the
Sex Pistols
, singer, actor and radio DJ, from
Shepherd's Bush
[151]
[152]
[153]
- Vinnie Jones
, actor and former footballer, from
Watford
- Harry Kane
, footballer, born in
Walthamstow
, raised in
Chingford
- Gary Kemp
, musician and actor, born in
Smithfield
- Martin Kemp
, musician and actor, born in
Islington
- Ronnie Knight
, former nightclub owner and gangster, born in
Hoxton
- Ronnie and Reggie Kray
, identical twin brothers, gangsters, and business owners, born in
Hoxton
and lived in
Bethnal Green
- Frank Lampard
, football manager and former player, born in
Romford
- Frank Lampard Sr
, former footballer, born in
East Ham
- Ken Livingstone
, former
Mayor of London
and leader of the
Greater London Council
, born in
Streatham
[154]
- John Lydon
, also known as Johnny Rotten, punk rock singer with the
Sex Pistols
, born in
Holloway
[155]
- Kellie Maloney
, boxing promoter, born in
Peckham
[156]
[157]
- Glen Matlock
, rock and punk rock musician, from
Paddington
- Derek Martin
, actor, born in
Bow
[158]
- Hoxton Tom McCourt
, punk rock/Oi! musician, from
Hoxton
/
Shoreditch
- Steve McFadden
, actor, known for playing
Phil Mitchell
on
Eastenders
, from
Maida Vale
- Lenny McLean
, bare-knuckle/unlicensed boxer, actor, born in
Hoxton
[159]
- Paul Merson
, footballer, manager and
Sky Sports
pundit, from
Harlesden
[160]
- Warren Mitchell
, actor, known for playing
Alf Garnett
in
Till Death Us Do Part
, from
Stoke Newington
- Charlie Mullins
, businessman, founder of
Pimlico Plumbers
, born in
St Pancras
, raised in
Elephant and Castle
- Billy Murray
, actor, born in
Forest Gate
, raised in
Upton Park
- Terry Naylor
, former footballer, born in
Islington
- Mark Noble
, former footballer, born in
Canning Town
, raised in
Beckton
- Chubby Oates
, club comedian and actor, from
Bermondsey
- Des O'Connor
, television personality and singer, born in
Stepney
- Ronnie O'Sullivan
, snooker player from
Chigwell
- Cliff Parisi
, actor and former stand-up comedian, born in
Poplar
- Joe Pasquale
, comedian, actor, and television presenter, born in
Grays
[161]
- Dave Peacock
, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo
Chas & Dave
, from
Enfield
- Jack Petchey
, businessman and philanthropist, born in
Plaistow
- Martin Peters
, former footballer and manager, born in
Plaistow
, raised in
Dagenham
- Claude Rains
, the actor born in
Camberwell
in 1889, became famous after abandoning his heavy Cockney accent and developing a unique
Mid-Atlantic accent
described as "half American, half English and a little Cockney thrown in"
- Harry Redknapp
, former footballer and manager, born in
Poplar
- Mike Reid
, actor and comedian, from
Hackney
- Shane Richie
, actor and television presenter, born in
Kensington
- Linda Robson
, actress and TV presenter from
Islington
- Jonathan Ross
, television and radio presenter, born in
St Pancras
, raised in
Leytonstone
- Paul Ross
, television and radio presenter, born in
Romford
, raised in
Leytonstone
- Roy Shaw
, author, businessman, and former criminal, born in
Stepney
, lived in
Bethnal Green
and
Waltham Abbey
- Teddy Sheringham
, footballer and manager, from
Highams Park
[162]
- Marina Sirtis
, actress, born in
Hackney
- Thomas Skinner
, businessman and television personality, from
Romford
[163]
- Arthur Smith
, comedian, from
Bermondsey
- Stacey Solomon
, singer and television personality, born in
Dagenham
- Terence Stamp
, actor, born in
Stepney
- Nicola Stapleton
, actress, born in
Elephant and Castle
, raised in
Walworth
- Tommy Steele
, 1950s pop and film artist, born in
Bermondsey
- Mark Strong
, actor, born in
Clerkenwell
- Alan Sugar
, business magnate and television personality, from
Hackney
[164]
- Suggs
, lead singer of
Madness
known for singing in his Cockney accent, from
Camden
- Joe Swash
, actor and television presenter, from
Islington
[165]
- Reg Varney
, actor and comedian, born in
Canning Town
- Terry Venables
, former footballer and manager, from
Dagenham
[166]
[167]
- Sid Vicious
, punk rock musician, born in
Lewisham
- Gregg Wallace
, television presenter and former greengrocer, born in
Peckham
[168]
- Jessie Wallace
, actress, born in
Enfield
- Shani Wallis
, actress, known for her role as Nancy in the 1968 Musical Film "Oliver!", born in
Tottenham
- Danniella Westbrook
, actress, born in
Walthamstow
- Barbara Windsor
, actress, born in
Shoreditch
- Amy Winehouse
, musician, born in
Enfield
, raised in
Southgate
[109]
- Anna Wing
, actress, from
Hackney
- Ray Winstone
, actor, born in
Homerton
, raised in
Plaistow
and
Enfield
[169]
- Jake Wood
, actor and
GEICO gecko
voiceover artist, born in
Westminster
[170]
- Adam Woodyatt
, actor from
Walthamstow
[171]
[172]
- Jess Wright
, television personality, model, and singer, born in
Tower Hamlets
- Mark Wright
, television personality and footballer, born in
Buckhurst Hill
[173]
Use in films and media
[
edit
]
- Many of
Ken Loach
's early films were set in London. Loach has a reputation for using genuine dialect speakers in films:
- Alfie
- The Mighty Boosh
. The Hitcher, played by
Noel Fielding
, is notoriously Cockney.
- Oliver!
. Fagin and his working orphans, particularly The Artful Dodger and Nancy, speak in Cockney
- Sparrows Can't Sing
. The film had to be subtitled when released in the United States due to audience comprehension difficulties.
[174]
- Bronco Bullfrog
. The film's tagline was "Cockney youth - with English subtitles".
[175]
- The Long Good Friday
. The DVD of this film has an extra feature that explains the
rhyming slang
used.
- Pygmalion
, a play by
George Bernard Shaw
.
- My Fair Lady
, a musical based on Bernard Shaw's play.
- Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be
, a West End musical comedy (with Cockney speech in the title) about Cockney low-life characters.
- In
A Clockwork Orange
, the fictional language used of
Nadsat
had some influence from Cockney.
- Mary Poppins
(and featuring
Dick Van Dyke
's infamous approximation of a Cockney accent)
- Mary Poppins Returns
(with
Lin-Manuel Miranda
, who plays Jack, stating "If they [the audience] didn't like
Dick
's accent, they'll be furious with mine")
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
?
Mrs. Nellie Lovett
and
Tobias Ragg
have Cockney accents.
- Passport to Pimlico
. A newspaper headline in the film refers to the Pimlico residents as "crushed Cockneys".
- Cockneys vs Zombies
- The Lord of the Rings (film series)
The orcs speak in cockney accents
- My Little Pony: Equestria Girls ? Spring Breakdown
. Ragamuffin, portrayed by Jason Michas, has a Cockney accent.
- Pinocchio
,
The Coachman
, voiced by
Charles Judels
, has a Cockney accent.
- The Gentlemen
- Football Factory
- Green Street Elite
- Legend
. The two main characters, Ronnie and Reggie Kray plus a certain number of other characters have a cockney accent.
- Peaky Blinders
. The characters Alfie Solomons and Billie Kimber speak with a cockney accent.
- The Getaway
and
Blood & Truth
are video games released by Sony that center around cockney gangster culture.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Green, Jonathon
"Cockney"
Archived
6 July 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Oxford English Dictionary
. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^
Miller, Marjorie (8 July 2001).
"Say what? Paris's cockney culture looks a bit different"
Archived
10 April 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Chicago Tribune
.
- ^
Oakley, Malcolm (30 September 2013).
"History of The East London Cockney"
.
East London History
.
Archived
from the original on 29 April 2023.
- ^
a
b
"Born within the sound of Bow Bells"
. Phrases.org.uk.
Archived
from the original on 16 January 2013
. Retrieved
18 January
2013
.
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Cockney"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 627.
- ^
"Cockney | Accent, Rhyming Slang, & Facts | Britannica"
.
www.britannica.com
.
Archived
from the original on 12 November 2020
. Retrieved
31 January
2022
.
- ^
"Estuary English Q and A - JCW"
. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from
the original
on 11 January 2010
. Retrieved
16 August
2010
.
- ^
Roach, Peter (2009).
English Phonetics and Phonology
. Cambridge. p. 4.
ISBN
978-0-521-71740-3
.
- ^
Trudgill, Peter (1999),
The Dialects of England
(2nd ed.), Wiley, p. 80,
ISBN
0-631-21815-7
- ^
a
b
Oxford English Dictionary
(Second ed.).
Oxford University Press
. 1989. Archived from
the original
on 22 June 2011
. Retrieved
24 March
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Hotten, John Camden (1859).
"Cockney"
.
A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words
. p. 22.
Archived
from the original on 14 August 2021
. Retrieved
25 October
2020
.
Cockney
: a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land,
Cockaygne
.
- ^
Oxford English Dictionary
(Second ed.).
Oxford University Press
. 2009.
- ^
Note, however, that the earliest attestation of this particular usage provided by the
Oxford English Dictionary
is from 1824 and consists of a tongue-in-cheek allusion to an existing notion of "Cockneydom".
[12]
- ^
Whittington, Robert.
Vulgaria
. 1520.
- ^
"This cokneys and tytyllynges ... [delicati pueri] may abide no sorrow when they come to age ... In these great cytees as London, York, Perusy, and such ... the children be so nicely and wantonly brought up ... that commonly they can little good.
[14]
- ^
Cumberledge, Geoffrey. F. N. Robinson (ed.).
The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
.
Oxford University Press
. p. 70 & 1063.
- ^
Locke, John (1695).
Some thoughts concerning education
(Third ed.). p. 7.
- ^
"... I shall explain myself more particularly; only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider,
viz
. that most children's constitutions are spoiled, or at least harmed, by
cockering
and
tenderness
."
[17]
- ^
Oxford English Dictionary
, 1st ed. "cocker,
v
.
1
" & "cock,
v
.
6
". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891
- ^
Rowlands, Samuel
.
The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine
. 1600.
- ^
"Bow Bells"
. London.lovesguide.com. Archived from
the original
on 12 July 2014
. Retrieved
1 October
2010
.
- ^
"Cockney. Bow Bells. St Mary-le-Bow. St Thomas Becket. London Walks. (London Walks)"
. Archived from
the original
on 16 August 2007
. Retrieved
5 August
2007
.
- ^
"Cockney (Grose 1811 Dictionary)"
. Fromoldbooks.org.
Archived
from the original on 27 September 2007
. Retrieved
18 January
2013
.
- ^
Grose, Francis.
"A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue"
.
Project Gutenberg e-text
. gutenberg.org.
Archived
from the original on 26 September 2008
. Retrieved
24 March
2009
.
- ^
"A Cockney or a Cocksie, applied only to one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London". Note, however, that his proffered
etymology
? from either "cock" and "neigh" or from the
Latin
incoctus
? were both erroneous.
[22]
The humorous
folk etymology
which grew up around the derivation from "cock" and "neigh" was preserved by
Francis Grose
's 1785
A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
: "A citizen of London, being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, exclaimed, Lord! How that horse laughs! A by-stander telling him that noise was called Neighing; the next morning, when the cock crowed, the citizen to
shew
he had not forgotten what was told him, cried out, Do you hear how the Cock Neighs?"
[23]
[24]
- ^
Academic paper on speech changes in the Cockney diaspora
https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf
Archived
10 June 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Evening Standard article on attempts to promote both the cockney dialect and identity
https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-londoners-want-cockney-recognised-as-official-language-b1067950.html
- ^
"St Mary-le-Bow"
.
www.stmarylebow.co.uk
.
Archived
from the original on 20 May 2015
. Retrieved
5 January
2012
.
- ^
Prevailing wind al LHR
https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf
Archived
4 October 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
By 24 Acoustics for the Times Atlas of London
https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html
Archived
21 July 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
In 2000for, the City of London - unable to find the details anywhere, but it said the bells would have been heard up to six miles to the east, five miles to the north, three miles to the south, and four miles to the west.
http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/
Archived
6 July 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
J. Swinnerton,
The London Companion
(Robson, 2004), p. 21.
- ^
British Library (10 March 2009).
"Survey of English Dialects, Hackney, London"
. Sounds.bl.uk.
Archived
from the original on 15 August 2011
. Retrieved
1 October
2010
.
- ^
British Library (10 March 2009).
"British Library Archival Sound Recordings"
. Sounds.bl.uk.
Archived
from the original on 12 August 2011
. Retrieved
1 October
2010
.
- ^
"Definition of shtumm"
. Allwords.com. 14 September 2007.
Archived
from the original on 16 March 2013
. Retrieved
18 January
2013
.
- ^
"money slang history, words, expressions and money slang meanings, london cockney money slang words meanings expressions"
. Businessballs.com
. Retrieved
18 January
2013
.
- ^
Werth, P.N. (1965).
The Dialect of Leytonstone, East London
(Bachelor). University of Leeds. p. 16.
Archived
from the original on 28 February 2018
. Retrieved
27 February
2018
.
- ^
a
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External links
[
edit
]
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