From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the year 1860. For the Italian film, see
1860
(film)
.
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1860
.
1860
(
MDCCCLX
) was a
leap year starting on Sunday
of the
Gregorian calendar
and a
leap year starting on Friday
of the
Julian calendar
, the 1860th year of the
Common Era
(CE) and
Anno Domini
(AD) designations, the 860th year of the
2nd millennium
, the 60th year of the
19th century
, and the 1st year of the
1860s
decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
[
edit
]
January–March
[
edit
]
- January 2
– The discovery of a hypothetical planet
Vulcan
is announced at a meeting of the
French Academy of Sciences
in Paris, France.
- January 10
– The
Pemberton Mill
in
Lawrence, Massachusetts
collapses, killing 146 workers.
- January 13
–
Battle of Tetouan
,
Morocco
: Spanish troops under General
Leopoldo O'Donnell
, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
- January 20
–
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
is recalled as Prime Minister of
Piedmont-Sardinia
.
- January 31
–
Kukis
raid the
Chhagalnaiya plains
in eastern
Bengal
, murdering and kidnapping hundreds of people, particularly women.
[1]
- February 20
– Canadian Royal Mail steamer
SS
Hungarian
(1859) is wrecked on
Cape Sable Island
,
Nova Scotia
, on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.
[2]
- February 26
– White settlers
massacre
a band of
Wiyot Indians
on
Indian Island
, near
Eureka, California
. At least 60 women, children and elders are killed.
Bret Harte
, newspaper reporter in
Arcata
, reports the news to newspapers in
San Francisco
.
- March 17
– The
First Taranaki War
begins at
Waitara, New Zealand
, when
M?ori
refuse to sell land to British settlers.
- March 22
– The
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
is annexed to the newly formed
Kingdom of Italy
.
- March 24
–
Sakuradamon Incident
:
R?nin
samurai
of the
Mito Domain
in Japan assassinate
tair?
(Chief Minister)
Ii Naosuke
outside the Sakurada Gate of
Edo Castle
, disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
- March
–August –
The second rout
of the
Jiangnan Daying
destroys the
Qing dynasty
's army of 180,000.
April–June
[
edit
]
- April 2
– The
first Italian Parliament
meets at
Turin
.
- April 3
– The
Pony Express
begins its first run from
St. Joseph, Missouri
, United States, to
Sacramento, California
, with riders carrying
a small Bible
.
- April 4
– A new uprising erupts in
Palermo
.
- April 9
– French typesetter
Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville
creates a recording of the French folk song
Au clair de la lune
with his
phonautograph
, producing the world's earliest known intelligible
sound recording
of the human voice (however, it was not rediscovered until
2008
).
- May 1
– A Chondrite-type
meteorite
falls to earth in
Muskingum County, Ohio
, near the town of
New Concord
.
- May 6
–
Expedition of the Thousand
:
Giuseppe Garibaldi
and his troops depart from
Quarto
.
- May 8
– In
New Granada
(modern-day
Colombia
) the southern state of
Cauca
secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers;
Magdalena
and
Bolivar
join it;
civil war
erupts.
- May 15
–
Expedition of the Thousand
–
Battle of Calatafimi
: Troops under
Giuseppe Garibaldi
defeat the army of
Naples
in
Sicily
.
- May 17
– The German association football club
TSV 1860 Munchen
is founded.
- May 27
– Garibaldi's forces take
Palermo
, the capital of Sicily.
- June 12
– (May 31 O.S.) – The
State Bank of the Russian Empire
is established.
July–September
[
edit
]
- July 2
–
Vladivostok
is founded in Russia.
- July 11
– Mutsuhito (the future
Emperor Meiji
) becomes
Crown Prince
of Japan.
- July 20
–
Battle of Milazzo
: The forces of
Giuseppe Garibaldi
defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
- August 13
–
Jose Ignacio Pavon
(1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim
President of Mexico
, replacing
Miguel Miramon
. Two days later Miramon becomes president again.
[3]
- August 22
– Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of
Giuseppe Garibaldi
cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
- September 3
–
5
– The
First International Chemistry Congress
is held in
Karlsruhe
,
Baden
.
- September 7
- September 10
– Piedmontese forces invade the
Papal States
, hoping to link up with
Garibaldi
in Naples.
- September 18
–
Battle of Castelfidardo
: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the
Papal States
to the territory around Rome.
- September 24
–
Battle of Guayaquil
:
Ecuadorian
forces, led by
Juan Jose Flores
and
Gabriel Garcia Moreno
, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief
Guillermo Franco
, who is backed by
Peruvian
forces.
October–December
[
edit
]
- October
–
John Hanning Speke
and
James Augustus Grant
leave
Zanzibar
, to search for the source of the
Nile River
.
- October 1
–
Battle of Volturnus
: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
.
- October 5
– Austria, Britain, France,
Prussia
and the
Ottoman Empire
form a commission to investigate the
causes of the massacres
of
Maronite Christians
, committed by
Druzes
in
Lebanon
earlier in the year.
- October 6
?
Section 377
of the British Indian penal code was enacted in
British India
.
- October 17
–
The Open Championship
, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at
Prestwick Golf Club
in
Ayrshire
, Scotland. The event is won by
Willie Park Sr
- October 18
– The first
Convention of Peking
formally ends the
Second Opium War
.
- October 18
?
21
– Beijing's
Old Summer Palace
is burned to the ground by orders of British general
Lord Elgin
, in retaliation for mistreatment of several
prisoners of war
, during the
Second Opium War
.
- October 19
– A new
M?ori
revolt begins in New Zealand.
- October 26
- November 3
– The combined forces of
Giuseppe Garibaldi
and King
Victor Emmanuel II
besiege King
Francis II of the Two Sicilies
in
Gaeta
, his last remaining stronghold.
- November 6
–
1860 United States presidential election
:
Abraham Lincoln
defeats
John C. Breckinridge
,
Stephen A. Douglas
, and
John Bell
, and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first
Republican
to hold that office.
- December 1
–
Charles Dickens
publishes the first installment of
Great Expectations
in his magazine
All the Year Round
.
- December 7
– After a fiercely contested campaign,
Monier Monier-Williams
is elected
as the new
Boden Professor of Sanskrit
, at Oxford University.
- December 20
–
American Civil War
:
South Carolina
becomes the first state to secede from the United States.
- December 24
– Mexico's interim president
Miguel Miramon
flees the country after being defeated in battle.
[4]
- December 29
– The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured
battleship
, the (British)
HMS
Warrior
, is launched.
Date unknown
[
edit
]
- Christians and
Druzes
clash in
Damascus
, Syria.
- In
Buenos Aires
, leader
Bartolome Mitre
subverts the
Argentine Confederation
and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of
Uruguayan
Colorado party
leader
Venancio Flores
.
- China agrees, in an
unequal treaty
(the
Convention of Peking
) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
- Discovery of the chemical elements
:
Robert Bunsen
discovers
caesium
and
rubidium
.
- German chemist
Albert Niemann
makes a detailed analysis of the
coca
leaf, isolating and purifying the
alkaloid
, which he calls
cocaine
.
[5]
- Napoleon III
, Emperor of the French, and
Empress Eugenie
visit
Algiers
and stay at the
Casbah of Algiers
.
[6]
- TAG Heuer
watchmaker founded in
Bern Canton
,
Switzerland
.
[7]
- The
Russian Empire
has c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads.
Births
[
edit
]
January–March
[
edit
]
- January 3
- January 8
–
Emma Booth
, fourth child of
William
and
Catherine Booth
(d.
1903
)
- January 17
–
Douglas Hyde
, 1st President of Ireland (d.
1949
)
- January 21
–
Karl Staaff
, Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.
1915
)
- January 25
–
Charles Curtis
, American politician, 31st Vice President (d.
1936
)
- January 28
–
W. G. Read Mullan
, American Jesuit, academic (d.
1910
)
- January 29
- February 11
–
Rachilde
, French author (d.
1953
)
- February 14
–
Eugen Schiffer
, German politician (d.
1954
)
- February 18
–
Anders Zorn
, Swedish artist (d.
1920
)
- February 25
–
Sir William Ashley
, English economic historian (d.
1927
)
- February 28
–
Carl Georg Barth
, Norwegian-American
mathematician
,
mechanical engineer
(d.
1939
)
- February 29
–
Herman Hollerith
, American businessman, inventor (d.
1929
)
- March 2
–
Susanna M. Salter
, first woman mayor in the United States (d.
1961
)
- March 5
–
Sam Thompson
, American baseball player (d.
1922
)
- March 13
–
Hugo Wolf
, Austrian composer (d.
1903
)
- March 19
–
William Jennings Bryan
, American politician (d.
1925
)
- March 23
–
Horatio Bottomley
, British politician and businessman (d.
1933
)
[8]
April–June
[
edit
]
- April 2
–
Zheng Xiaoxu
, Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first
Prime Minister of Manchukuo
(d.
1938
)
- April 7
–
Will Keith Kellogg
, American industrialist, founder of the
Kellogg Company
(d.
1951
)
- May 2
–
Theodor Herzl
, Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d.
1904
)
- May 7
–
Tom Norman
, English freak
showman
(d.
1930
)
- May 9
–
J. M. Barrie
, Scottish author (d.
1937
)
- May 15
–
Ellen Axson Wilson
,
First Lady of the United States
(d.
1914
)
- May 20
–
Eduard Buchner
, German chemist,
Nobel Prize
laureate (d.
1917
)
- May 21
–
Willem Einthoven
, Dutch inventor, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
(d.
1927
)
- May 25
–
James McKeen Cattell
, American psychologist (d.
1944
)
- May 27
–
Manuel Teixeira Gomes
, 7th President of Portugal (d.
1941
)
- May 29
–
Isaac Albeniz
, Spanish composer (d.
1909
)
- June 20
–
Jack Worrall
, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d.
1937
)
- June 25
–
Gustave Charpentier
, French composer (d.
1956
)
July–September
[
edit
]
- July 3
–
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, American feminist (d.
1935
)
- July 7
–
Gustav Mahler
, Austrian composer (d.
1911
)
- July 16
–
Otto Jespersen
, Danish linguist, creator of
Ido
and
Novial
languages (d.
1943
)
- July 19
–
Lizzie Borden
, American murder suspect (d.
1927
)
- July 31
–
Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet
, British admiral (d.
1917
)
- August 1
–
Bazil Assan
, Romanian engineer and explorer (d.
1918
)
- August 3
–
William Kennedy Dickson
, Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d.
1935
)
- August 5
–
Louis Wain
, English artist (d.
1939
)
- August 7
–
Alan Leo
, British astrologer (d.
1917
)
- August 10
–
Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande
, Indian musician (d.
1936
)
- August 13
–
Annie Oakley
, American Wild West show performer (d.
1926
)
- August 15
- August 16
–
Jules Laforgue
, French poet (d.
1887
)
- August 20
–
Raymond Poincare
, French president (d.
1934
)
- August 22
–
Alfred Ploetz
, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d.
1940
)
- August 25
–
George Fawcett
, American actor (d.
1939
)
- August 26
–
Eudora Stone Bumstead
, American poet and hymnwriter (d.
1892
)
- September 1
–
Mary E. C. Bancker
, American author (d.
1921
)
- September 5
–
Andrew Volstead
, American politician (d.
1947
)
- September 6
–
Jane Addams
, American social worker, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize
(d.
1935
)
- September 7
– Anna Mary Robertson Moses (aka
Grandma Moses
), American painter (d.
1961
)
- September 13
–
John J. Pershing
, American general (d.
1948
)
- September 16
–
Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustadten
, Austro-Hungarian general (d.
1934
)
October–December
[
edit
]
- October 31
–
Juliette Gordon Low
, American founder of the Girl Scouts (d.
1927
)
- November 1
–
Boies Penrose
, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d.
1921
)
- November 2
–
Soapy Smith
, American con artist and gangster (d.
1898
)
- November 6
–
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
, Polish pianist and composer, 3rd
Prime Minister of Poland
(d.
1941
)
- November 16
–
John Henry Kirby
, Texas legislator, American businessman (d.
1940
)
- November 23
–
Hjalmar Branting
,
Prime Minister of Sweden
, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize
(d.
1925
)
- November 26
–
Gabrielle Petit
, French feminist activist (d.
1952
)
- November 27
–
Yui Mitsue
, Japanese general (d.
1925
)
- December 4
–
Charles de Broqueville
,
Prime Minister of Belgium
(d.
1940
)
- December 7
–
Joseph Cook
, 6th
Prime Minister of Australia
(d.
1947
)
- December 15
–
Niels Ryberg Finsen
, Danish physician, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
(d.
1904
)
- December 16
–
Ion Dragalina
, Romanian general (d.
1916
)
- December 25
–
Manuel Dimech
, Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d.
1921
)
- December 31
Deaths
[
edit
]
January–June
[
edit
]
- January 1
–
Thomas Hobbes Scott
, English clergyman (b.
1783
)
- January 5
–
John Neumann
,
Saint
and
Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia
(b.
1811
)
- January 10
–
Ezequiel Zamora
, leader of the Federalist Army in
Venezuela
(b.
1817
)
- January 13
–
William Mason
, American politician (b.
1786
)
- January 18
–
John Nelson (lawyer)
, American lawyer (b.
1791
)
- January 27
- January 29
–
- February 29
–
George Bridgetower
, Afro-Polish violinist (b.
1778
)
- March 6
–
Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer
, German cellist, composer (b.
1783
)
- March 14
–
Carl Ritter von Ghega
, Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b.
1802
)
- March 17
–
Anna Brownell Jameson
, British art historian (b.
1794
)
[10]
- March 25
–
James Braid
, Scottish surgeon (b.
1795
)
- May 1
–
Anders Sandøe Ørsted
, 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b.
1778
)
- May 10
–
Theodore Parker
, American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b.
1810
)
- May 12
– Sir
Charles Barry
, English architect (b.
1795
)
[11]
- May 21
–
Phineas Gage
, improbable American head injury survivor (b.
1823
)
- June 30
–
Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert
, German naturalist (b.
1780
)
July–December
[
edit
]
- July 1
–
Charles Goodyear
, American inventor (b.
1800
)
- August 25
–
Johan Ludvig Heiberg
, Danish poet and critic (born
1791
)
[12]
- September 12
–
William Walker
, American filibuster who was briefly President of
Nicaragua
(executed) (b.
1824
)
- September 21
–
Arthur Schopenhauer
, German philosopher (b.
1788
)
[13]
- October 12
–
Sir Harry Smith
, English soldier, military commander (b.
1787
)
- October 25
–
Alexander Maconchie
, Scottish penal reformer (b.
1787
)
- October 31
–
Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
, British admiral (b.
1775
)
- November 1
–
Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
, Empress Consort of Russian Emperor
Nicholas I
(b.
1798
)
- December 2
–
Ferdinand Christian Baur
, German theologian (b.
1792
)
[14]
- December 14
–
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
(b.
1784
)
Date unknown
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Webster, John Edward (1911).
"History"
.
Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers
. Vol. 4. Noakhali.
Allahabad
: The Pioneer Press. p. 30.
- ^
"SS Hungarian - 1860"
.
On the Rocks
. Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. October 5, 2007.
Archived
from the original on July 13, 2007
. Retrieved
May 18,
2021
.
- ^
"Jose Ignacio Pavon"
.
Presidentes.mx
(in Spanish). Archived from
the original
on June 8, 2019
. Retrieved
June 8,
2019
.
- ^
"Miguel Miramon"
.
Presidentes.mx
(in Spanish). Archived from
the original
on June 8, 2019
. Retrieved
June 8,
2019
.
- ^
Niemann, Albert (1860).
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves
("Uber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablattern", published version of Ph.D. dissertation).
- ^
"Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria"
.
World Digital Library
. 1899
. Retrieved
September 25,
2013
.
- ^
"TAG Heuer's History"
. TAG Heuer
. Retrieved
December 7,
2020
.
- ^
Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011).
"Bottomley, Horatio William"
.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/31981
.
Archived
from the original on July 14, 2014
. Retrieved
June 16,
2014
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- ^
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
"Arndt, Ernst Moritz"
.
Encyclopedia Americana
.
- ^
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
:
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911). "
Jameson, Anna Brownell
".
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
- ^
"Sir Charles Barry | British architect"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
November 6,
2021
.
- ^
Stewart, Jon (2015).
The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard
. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 39.
ISBN
9788763542692
.
- ^
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1999).
Prize essay on the freedom of the will
. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.
ISBN
9780521577663
.
- ^
Overbeck, Franz (2002).
On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes
. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58.
ISBN
9781725242128
.