From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1523
(
MDXXIII
) was a
common year starting on Thursday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
January–March
[
edit
]
- January 20
–
Christian II
is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the
herredag
at
Viborg
have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle,
Frederick, Duke of Holstein
. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April.
[1]
- February 15
– Construction of
Fort Kastela
by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of
Ternate
in
Indonesia
, is completed as Portugal claims the
Spice Islands
(now the Maluku Islands).
[2]
- February 25
–
Battle of al-Shihr
on the
Arabian Peninsula
(in what is now
Yemen
): Troops from Portugal fight against the
Kathiri Sultanate
, ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital,
Al-Shihr
, and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
- February 27
– Captain Anton Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now
Nicaragua
, after he arrives with
Andres Nino
and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at
El Realejo
.
[3]
- March 8
– In Spain's
Kingdom of Valencia
, a rebellion by the
Brotherhoods of Mallorca
is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital,
Palma de Mallorca
, to Spanish and German troops.
[4]
- March 26
–
Frederick I
is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at
Viborg
, although loyalists at
Copenhagen
refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.
[5]
April–June
[
edit
]
- April 4
– Under a plan organized by Sister
Katharina von Bora
and Protestant reformer
Martin Luther
, fish merchant Leonhard Koppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other
Cistercian Catholic
nuns
from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near
Grimma
and
Leipzig
. On the day before Easter, Koppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to
Wittenberg
. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.
[6]
[7]
- April 12
– The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as
Gil Gonzalez Davila
and 17 other soldiers arrive at
Lake Nicaragua
and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the
Mar Dulce
. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by
Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao
, leader of the friendly
Nicarao people
, to explore the area.
[8]
- April 14
–
Mirza Shah Hossein
,
Grand Vizier of Persia
since 1514, is assassinated in
Qazvin
(now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by
Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi
.
[9]
- April 15
–
Sir Thomas More
, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel
Utopia
, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
- April 17
– In Nicaragua,
Diriangen
, ruler of the
Chorotega
speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by Gonzalez Davila.
[8]
Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
- April 23
–
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
, brings the
Spanish Inquisition
to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the
Seventeen Provinces
, which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.
[10]
- April 24
– The
Diet of Hungary
, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under
King Lajos II
, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of
Martin Luther
within the Kingdom.
[11]
- May 6
– In the
Rhineland
in Germany, the
Knights' War
, led by
Franz von Sickingen
since August 27, is finally put down at
Landstuhl
by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.
[12]
Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
- May 5
– An assassination attempt is made against
King Sigismund of Poland
, who is shot at while walking outside his residence at
Wawel Castle
overlooking
Krakow
.
[13]
- May 20
–
Andrea Gritti
is elected as the new
Doge
of the
Republic of Venice
, 13 days after the death of
Antonio Grimani
.
[14]
- May 27
–
Swedish War of Liberation
:
The city of Kalmar in Sweden
, occupied by troops of
Denmark
, falls to a Swedish Army force led by
Arvid Vastgote
after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.
[15]
Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of
Kalmar
, only
Stockholm
remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
- May 31
– Following the
Battle of Sincouwaan
at sea between the ships of the
Chinese Empire
and the
Kingdom of Portugal
, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from
Guangzhou
to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied
Malacca Sultanate
, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.
[16]
- May
– The
Ningbo Incident
: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of
Ningbo
, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.
[17]
- June 3
–
Santhome Church
is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of
Saint Thomas the Apostle
at
Madras
(now Chennai) in
India
.
- June 6
–
Gustav Vasa
is elected
king of Sweden
, finally establishing the full independence of
Sweden
from
Denmark
, which marks the end of the
Kalmar Union
. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.
[18]
- June 10
– Frederick begins the 8-day
siege of Copenhagen
, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.
[5]
- June 12
–
July 19
–
Franconian War
: The
Swabian League
destroys 23
robber baron
castles.
[19]
[20]
- June 17
–
Swedish War of Liberation
: The surrender of
Stockholm
by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.
[15]
In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
- June 23
– The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in
Panama
in
canoes
, having been forced to abandon their ships.
[8]
- June 27
–
Pargali Ibrahim Pasha
is appointed as
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
by
Suleiman the Magnificent
.
[21]
He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.
July–September
[
edit
]
- July 1
–
Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos
become the first
Lutheran
martyrs, burned at the stake in
Brussels
at the
Grote Markt
.
[22]
In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
- July 7
–
Wijerd Jelckama
, a
Frisian
warlord and military commander, is executed in
Leeuwarden
, ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the
Arumer Black Heap
.
- July 25
– In what is now Mexico, the conquistador
Gonzalo de Sandoval
founds the city of
Colima
.
[23]
- July 29
– The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the
Italian War
that has gone for two years.
[24]
- c. July –
Martin Luther
's translation of the
Pentateuch
into
German
(
Das allte Testament Deutsch
) is published by
Melchior Lotter Jr.
in
Wittenberg
.
[25]
- August 22
–
Lucien Grimaldi
,
Lord of Monaco
, is assassinated by his nephew at the
Prince's Palace
.
[26]
Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother,
Jean II
. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son,
Honore
; Lucien's brother
Augustine Grimaldi
becomes the regent during Honore's minority.
- September 14
–
Pope Adrian VI
, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as
Pope John Paul II
.
- September 22
–
Spanish conquest of Nicaragua
: An agreement is made for an expedition by
conquistadores
into
Nicaragua
organized by
Pedrarias Davila
.
[27]
- September 23
– After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the
Sultanate of Patani
and the
Malacca Sultanate
on the Malaysian peninsula, the
China's Emperor
Zhengde
orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.
[16]
October–December
[
edit
]
Date unknown
[
edit
]
- The
Ming dynasty
Chinese navy captures two Western ships with
Portuguese
breech?loading
culverins
aboard, which the Chinese call a
fo?lang?ji
(Frankish culverin). According to the
Ming Shi
, these cannons are soon presented to the
Jiajing Emperor
by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in
1529
.
[32]
- In northern Italy, a French army under
Guillaume Gouffier
tries to recover
Milan
but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.
[33]
Births
[
edit
]
- January 29
–
Enea Vico
, Italian engraver (d.
1567
)
[34]
- February 1
–
Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni
, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1568
)
[35]
- February 13
–
Valentin Naboth
, German astronomer and mathematician (d.
1593
)
[36]
- February 20
–
Jan Blahoslav
, Czech writer (d.
1571
)
[37]
- March 14
–
Helena Magenbuch
, German pharmacist (d.
1597
)
- March 17
–
Giovanni Francesco Commendone
, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1584
)
[38]
- March 21
–
Kaspar Eberhard
, German theologian (d.
1575
)
[39]
- April 5
–
Blaise de Vigenere
, French diplomat and cryptographer (d.
1596
)
[40]
[41]
- April 21
–
Marco Antonio Bragadin
, Venetian lawyer and military officer (d.
1571
)
[42]
- June 5
–
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
(d.
1574
)
[43]
- July 4
–
Pier Francesco Orsini
, Italian condottiero and art patron (d.
1583
)
[44]
- July 18
– Duke
George II of Brieg
(1547?1586) (d.
1586
)
[45]
- September 21
–
Sancho d'Avila
, Spanish general (d.
1583
)
[46]
- September 22
–
Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon
, French church leader and pretender to the throne (d.
1590
)
[47]
- October 10
–
Ludwig Rabus
, German martyrologist (d.
1592
)
[48]
- October 11
–
Eleonore of Furstenberg
, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d.
1544
)
- October 18
–
Anna Jagiellon
, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d.
1596
)
[49]
- date unknown
- probable
- possible
–
Catherine Howard
, fifth queen of
Henry VIII of England
, (b. between
1518
and
1524
; executed
1542
)
[54]
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 17
–
Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg
, German landgravine (b.
1466
)
[55]
[56]
- February 4
–
Thomas Ruthall
, English chancellor of the University of Cambridge
[57]
- March 28
–
Louis I, Count of Lowenstein
, founder of the House of Lowenstein-Wertheim (b.
1463
)
- April 6
–
Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
, English nobleman (b.
1479
)
[58]
- May 7
- May 23
–
Ashikaga Yoshitane
, Japanese sh?gun (b.
1466
)
[61]
[
unreliable source?
]
- May 24
–
Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney
, English politician (b.
1447
)
[62]
- July 1
–
Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos
, Flemish Lutheran martyrs
[22]
- July 7
–
Wijerd Jelckama
, Frisian rebel and warlord (b.
1490
)
- August 13
–
Gerard David
, Flemish artist (b. c.
1455
)
[63]
- August 27
–
Domenico Grimani
, Italian nobleman (b.
1461
)
[64]
- August 29
–
Ulrich von Hutten
, Lutheran reformer (b.
1488
)
[65]
- September 14
–
Pope Adrian VI
(b.
1459
)
[66]
- October 2
–
Alessandro Alessandri
, Italian jurist (b.
1461
)
[67]
- October 5
–
Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania
(1474?1523) (b.
1454
)
[68]
- October 11
–
Bartolomeo Montagna
, Italian painter (b.
1450
)
[69]
- October –
William Cornysh
, English composer (b.
1465
)
[70]
- November 10
–
Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief
, Scottish clan chief (b.
1465
)
[71]
- date unknown
–
Pietro Perugino
, Italian painter (b.
1446
)
[72]
[73]
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]
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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b
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
a
b
c
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Hernandez de Cordoba: Capitan de conquista en Nicaragua
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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