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( Mikhail Gorbachev ???? ??????????????)
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Михаил Горбачёв
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I would consider it a high honour to be a member of the highly advanced, genuinely revolutionary Communist Party of Bolsheviks. I promise to be faithful to the great cause of Lenin and Stalin, to devote my entire life to the party's struggle for Communism. ?????????? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????

? Gorbachev's letter requesting membership of the Communist Party, 1950 [??]

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???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????-??-??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? [???] ?????????, ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? [???] ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???, ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? [???] ???? ????? ????, "??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????" ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????: ???????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????????????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? [???] [???] [???]

???? ???, ?? ????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????, ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? [???] ?? ???????? ????-?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? [???] ???????, ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ???? [ ????????? ???????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ????????

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? [???] ???? ????, ???????? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? [???] ???? ????????? ????? ??????? [???] ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? [???] ?????? ????? ??? [???] ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? [???] ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? [???] [???] ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? [???] ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? [???] ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? [???] ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? [???] ???????? ??????? ???????????? [???] , ? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?????? [???] ???? ??????????? ??? ???? [???] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? [???] ??????? ???? "???? ??????? ???????" ??? ??????? [???] ??? ??? ???????? "???? ????????” ??????? ??????

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????

???????? ?? ????? ????-? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? [???] [???] ???? ??? ???? "?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???" ???? ???? ???? [???] [???] [???] ??? ??? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? [??] [???] ? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? [???]

???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????-? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? [???] [???]

????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ "Gorbachev" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .
  2. ↑ "???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???" ? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  3. ↑ "???????-?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???" ? Jugantor (?????? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  4. ↑ "Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance | Britannica" ? www.britannica.com (?????? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  5. ↑ ROBERT F. KENNEDY HUMAN RIGHTS (?????? ??????) https://rfkhumanrights.org/mikhail-gorbachev ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?   ????? ??????????? |tititle= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? ); |???????= ????????? ?? ???? ( ??????? )
  6. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 22; Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 1; McCauley 1998 , p. 15; Taubman 2017 , p. 7.
  7. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 10?
  8. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 15; Taubman 2017 , p. 10.
  9. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 4; McCauley 1998 , p. 15; Taubman 2017 , p. 7.
  10. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 8?9?
  11. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 9?
  12. ↑ ? ? Medvedev 1986 , ??. 22?
  13. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 15; Taubman 2017 , pp. 12?13.
  14. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 14?
  15. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 16; Taubman 2017 , p. 7.
  16. ↑ McCauley 1998 , pp. 15?16; Taubman 2017 , pp. 7, 8.
  17. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 18?19?
  18. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , pp. 5?6; McCauley 1998 , p. 17; Taubman 2017 , pp. 7, 20?22.
  19. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 5; McCauley 1998 , p. 17; Taubman 2017 , pp. 8, 26?27.
  20. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 16?
  21. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 27?
  22. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 9, 27?28?
  23. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 29?30?
  24. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 8, 28?29?
  25. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 18; Taubman 2017 , p. 34.
  26. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 6; McCauley 1998 , p. 18; Taubman 2017 , pp. 8, 34.
  27. ↑ ? ? Taubman 2017 , ??. 42?
  28. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 6, 8; McCauley 1998 , p. 18; Taubman 2017 , pp. 40?41.
  29. ↑ ???????? ???? ?
  30. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 43?
  31. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 50?
  32. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 44?
  33. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 14; Taubman 2017 , p. 48.
  34. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 53?
  35. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 19; Taubman 2017 , pp. 45, 52.
  36. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 10; McCauley 1998 , p. 19; Taubman 2017 , p. 46.
  37. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 19; Taubman 2017 , p. 46.
  38. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 70?
  39. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 42; McCauley 1998 , p. 20.
  40. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 21; Taubman 2017 , p. 77.
  41. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 210; Taubman 2017 , pp. 81?83.
  42. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 81?
  43. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 90?91?
  44. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 91?
  45. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 22; Taubman 2017 , pp. 96?98.
  46. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 78?
  47. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 80?
  48. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 78; Taubman 2017 , p. 149.
  49. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 47; Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 31; McCauley 1998 , p. 23; Taubman 2017 , p. 98.
  50. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 149?150?
  51. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 30; Taubman 2017 , pp. 150?151.
  52. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 151-152?
  53. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 152?
  54. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 153?154?
  55. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 92; McCauley 1998 , p. 36; Taubman 2017 , p. 157.
  56. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 161?
  57. ↑ ? ? Taubman 2017 , ??. 165?
  58. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 40; Taubman 2017 , p. 166.
  59. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , pp. 95?96; Doder & Branson 1990 , pp. 38?39.
  60. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 173?
  61. ↑ ???????? 1986 , ??. 107?
  62. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 50; Taubman 2017 , pp. 190?191.
  63. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 138; Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 56.
  64. ↑ ???????? 1986 , pp. 138?139; ????? & Branson 1990 , pp. 51?52; McCauley 1998 , p. 43; Taubman 2017 , p. 192.
  65. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 57; McCauley 1998 , p. 43; Taubman 2017 , p. 193.
  66. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 4; Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 62; McCauley 1998 , p. 45; Taubman 2017 , p. 204.
  67. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , pp. 63?64; McCauley 1998 , p. 45.
  68. ↑ Medvedev 1986 , p. 16; McCauley 1998 , p. 46; Taubman 2017 , pp. 211?212.
  69. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 69?
  70. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 65?
  71. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 66?
  72. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 228?
  73. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 52, 55?
  74. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 100; Taubman 2017 , pp. 219?220.
  75. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 94?
  76. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 54?
  77. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 52?
  78. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 50?
  79. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 324?
  80. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 71; Taubman 2017 , pp. 323, 326?328.
  81. ↑ ? ? Taubman 2017 , ??. 329?
  82. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 129; Taubman 2017 , p. 240.
  83. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 240?
  84. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 137?
  85. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 242?243?
  86. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 266?
  87. ↑ ? ? Taubman 2017 , ??. 271?
  88. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 272?273?
  89. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 263?
  90. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 278?
  91. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 109; Taubman 2017 , p. 278.
  92. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 607?608?
  93. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 608?610?
  94. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 239; Taubman 2017 , p. 621.
  95. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 244; Taubman 2017 , p. 622.
  96. ↑ "Page 1. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. N 2371-I "О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом " " ? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????  
  97. ↑ ? ? "Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169" ? Президент России ? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  98. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 252; Taubman 2017 , p. 627.
  99. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 628?
  100. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 253; Taubman 2017 , pp. 628?629.
  101. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 638?
  102. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 637?
  103. ↑ McCauley 1998 , p. 257; Taubman 2017 , p. 645.
  104. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 646?
  105. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 651?
  106. ↑ "End of the Soviet Union: Text of Gorbachev's Farewell Address" ? The New York Times ? ?? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  107. ↑ Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.; Sullivan, Paige (????)? Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis ? ????????   978-1-56324637-1 ? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  108. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 258?
  109. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 50; Taubman 2017 , p. 44.
  110. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 94?
  111. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 179?
  112. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 18?
  113. ↑ ? ? Taubman 2017 , ??. 142?
  114. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 153?
  115. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 4?5?
  116. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 157?
  117. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 155?
  118. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 102?
  119. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 290?
  120. ↑ Doder ? Branson 1990 , ??. 17?
  121. ↑ Doder & Branson 1990 , p. 22; McCauley 1998 , pp. 23, 273; Taubman 2017 , pp. 5, 689.
  122. ↑ McCauley 1998 , ??. 51?
  123. ↑ Rick Smolan and David Cohen. (1988). A day in the life of the Soviet Union : photographed by 100 of the world's leading photojournalists on one day, 15 May 1987 . New York: Collins. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-00217972-0 .
  124. ↑ Taubman 2017 , ??. 4?
  125. ↑ Ljunggren, David (?? ????? ????)? "Last Soviet leader Gorbachev, who ended Cold War and won Nobel prize, dies aged 91" ? Reuters (?????? ??????)? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  126. ↑ Heintz, Jim (?? ????? ????)? "Mikhail Gorbachev, who steered Soviet breakup, dead at 91" ? The Associated Press ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  127. ↑ Lister, Tim (?? ????? ????)? "Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet president who took down the Iron Curtain, dies" ? CNN ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? [https:/./www.cnn.com/2022/08/30/europe/mikhail-gorbachev-dies-intl/index.html ???] |url= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  128. ↑ "Источник: ухудшения здоровья Горбачева нет" [Source: no deterioration in Gorbachev's health]? TASS (??? ??????)? ?? ??? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  129. ↑ Вишнева, Светлана (?? ??? ????)? "Представитель Горбачева подтвердил наличие проблем с почками у политика" ? radiokp.ru (??? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  130. ↑ "Горбачева похоронят рядом с супругой на Новодевичьем кладбище" ? РЕН ТВ (??? ??????)? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  131. ↑ Сарджвеладзе, София (????-??-??)? "Прощание с Горбачевым пройдет 3 сентября в Колонном зале" ? Главные события в России и мире | RTVI (??? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  132. ↑ "Опубликованы кадры прощания Путина с Горбачевым" ? www.mk.ru (??? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  133. ↑ "Владимир Путин простился с Михаилом Горбачёвым" ? Президент России (??? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
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