한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ????: ???????? ????????? ? ?? ???????????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??, '????????? ???????'? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????, ??-?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????

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??????? ??? ?-????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? , ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? [?] ???, ?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? [?] [?] ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ? "??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????"?

??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?-??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? [?] ???? ???? ???????? ??, ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?'???, ????? ?????? ??? ?????

??????? ?? ?????-??????? ???? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? , ??? (??????? ? fringe)) ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? [?] ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????, ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? "??? ????" ???? ??, ???????? ???-???? ??????? (??????-????? ???????? (cargo-cult science)) ?????? ??????? ?????????

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???? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????"? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????, ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ???-???? ????????? ??? ???????

???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????-????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? [?] ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? [?] ??????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???, ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? [??] [??] ???????? ???, ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????

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????? ???? ???? ??, ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? (abductive reasoning) ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???, ???, ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? "??????????"? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????-?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????

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??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????

?????????? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????: ???????????? ??.? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? , ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???????????? ?????-??????????? ??? ???? (theory-laden)?

????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????, ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??????????? ?????-??????????? ?

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??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???, ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?-???????????? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ???????? ???? ??? (?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??) ??? ?????? ???????????????????? ????, ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? [??] ??????? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????, ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????

???????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????? (?? ?????? ?????) ???????????? [??] [??] ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? [??] [??] , ??????????????? ???????? [??] , ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? [??] , ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? [??] ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? [??] ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????

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???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????

???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??, ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? [??] ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (??? ????? ????-???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??)? [??] ????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????

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  1. ↑ Philosophy of science, ???????????????? ??????????
  2. ↑ Craig Callender and Jonathan Schaffer ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????
  3. ↑ Thornton, Stephen (????)? "Karl Popper" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  4. ↑ "Science and Pseudo-science" (2008) in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  5. ↑ Laudan, Larry (????)? "The Demise of the Demarcation Problem"? Adolf Grunbaum, Robert Sonne Cohen, Larry Laudan? Physics, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grunbaum ? Springer? ????????   90-277-1533-5 ?  
  6. ↑ Uebel, Thomas (????)? "Vienna Circle" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  7. ↑ " Pseudoscientific ? pretending to be scientific, falsely represented as being scientific ", from the Oxford American Dictionary , published by the Oxford English Dictionary; Hansson, Sven Ove (1996)."
  8. ↑ Hempel, Carl G. ; Paul Oppenheim (????)? "Studies in the Logic of Explanation"? Philosophy of Science ? 15 (2): 135?175? ????? : 10.1086/286983 ?  
  9. ↑ Salmon, Merrilee; John Earman, Clark Glymour, James G. Lenno, Peter Machamer, J.E. McGuire, John D. Norton, Wesley C. Salmon, Kenneth F. Schaffner (????)? Introduction to the Philosophy of Science ? Prentice-Hall? ????????   0-13-663345-5 ?  
  10. ↑ Salmon, Wesley (????)? Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance ? Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press?  
  11. ↑ Woodward, James (????)? "Scientific Explanation" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  12. ↑ Vickers, John (????)? "The Problem of Ind uction" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?   line feed character in |???????= at position 19 ( ??????? )
  13. ↑ Levin, Michael (????)? "What Kind of Explanation is Truth?"? Jarrett Leplin? Scientific Realism ? Berkeley: University of California Press? ??????  124 ?1139? ????????   0-520-05155-6 ?  
  14. ↑ ? ? Boyd, Richard (????)? "Scientific Realism" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  15. ↑ Specific examples include:
  16. ↑ Stanford, P. Kyle (????)? Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives ? Oxford University Press? ????????   978-0-19-517408-3 ?  
  17. ↑ Laudan, Larry (????)? "A Confutation of Convergent Realism" ? Philosophy of Science ? 48 : 218?249? ????? : 10.1086/288975 ?  
  18. ↑ van Fraassen, Bas (????)? The Scientific Image ? Oxford: The Clarendon Press? ????????   0-19-824424-X ?  
  19. ↑ Winsberg, Eric (?????????? ????)? "Models of Success Versus the Success of Models: Reliability without Truth"? Synthese ? 152 : 1?19? ????? : 10.1007/s11229-004-5404-6 ?  
  20. ↑ Stanford, P. Kyle (??? ????)? "An Antirealist Explanation of the Success of Science" ? Philosophy of Science ? 67 (2): 266?284? ????? : 10.1086/392775 ?  
  21. ↑ Longino, Helen (????)? "The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge" ? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  22. ↑ Douglas Allchin, "Values in Science and in Science Education," in International Handbook of Science Education, B.J. Fraser and K.G. Tobin (eds.), 2:1083?1092, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988).

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