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???????? ???????
???????? ???????
	???????? ???????, ???? ????
????	?? ???????, ???? ; Barmen , Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Wuppertal , Germany)
??????	? ????? ???? (???? ??) ; ????? , ????????? , UK
????????	German
???	???? ????? ?????
?????	????????? ?????
????	????????? , ????????
?????? ?????	Political philosophy , economics, class struggle , capitalism
??????????? ?????	Co-founder of Marxism (with Karl Marx ), alienation and exploitation of the worker, historical materialism
	??????? Hegel , Feuerbach , Stirner , Smith , Ricardo , Rousseau , Goethe , Fourier , Hess , Morgan , Heraclitus ;
	???????? Luxemburg , Lenin , Trotsky , Mao , Guevara , Sartre , Debord , Frankfurt School , Negri , Childe and many others ;
????????

???????? ??????? (?? ???????, ???? - ? ????? ????) ????? ??????? ???? ???????? , ????, ???????? ????????? , ???????? , ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ????-???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? "???????? ????? ??????" ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? "?????"? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ^[?] ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????

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???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???-???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ^[?]

??????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ^[?]

???????????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ^[?] ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????

????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???, ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????-?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????-?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ^[?]

???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ???, ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ‘????????? ??????? ???????’? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ^[?]

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? (????), ???????? ???????? (????), ???????? ???????? ??????? (????)? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ^[?]

?????? ???? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? (????) [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[?]

?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? Wigand-?? Vierteljahrsschrift ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? Gesellschaftsspiegel-? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ^[?]

?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??, ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????-?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ^[?]^[?]

????????-????? [ ???????? ]

????????-????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????????_ ????? , ???????? , ? ?????????? -?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ^[?]

????????? ? ????????? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????-????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ^[?]

????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

The Marx & Engels Internet Archive at Marxists.org
Marx and Engels in their native German language
?????????? ???????? Friedrich Engels-?? ??????????? ? ??????? (??????)
Libcom.org/library Frederick Engels archive ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
Works by Friedrich Engels (in German) at Zeno.org
Pathfinder Press ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ??????
Friedrich Engels, “ On Rifled Cannon ," articles from the New York Tribune , April, May and June 1860, reprinted in Military Affairs 21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193?198.

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ The "Theories of Surplus Value" are contained in the Collected Works of Marx and Englels: Volumes 30, 31 and 32 (International Publishers: New York, 1988).
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ??. ????? ????; ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? , ??? ?????????, ????; ??????, ????; ??????- ???; ISBN 984-30-0000712-6
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????, ??????, ?????? ??
↑ ^? ^? ????????? ????? ; ?????? ??????? ????????? ; ?????? ??????? , ????? ; ????; ??????- ??-???
↑ ^? ^? "The Holy Family by Marx and Engels" ? Marxists.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

,

[1] The "Theories of Surplus Value" are contained in the Collected Works of Marx and Englels: Volumes 30, 31 and 32 (International Publishers: New York, 1988).

[ReferenceB-2] ? ^? ^? ^? ??. ????? ????; ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? , ??? ?????????, ????; ??????, ????; ??????- ???; ISBN 984-30-0000712-6

[স্তেপানভা-3] ? ^? ^? ^? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????, ??????, ?????? ??

[ReferenceA-4] ? ^? ????????? ????? ; ?????? ??????? ????????? ; ?????? ??????? , ????? ; ????; ??????- ??-???

[holy-family-5] ? ^? "The Holy Family by Marx and Engels" ? Marxists.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

?? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????
??????	Scorpion and Felix (????) ???????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (????) Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (????) On the Jewish Question (????) ???? ??? ???????? ??????? (????) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (????, ???????? ????) ???????? ???????? ????????? (????, ???????? ????) The Poverty of Philosophy (????) Wage-Labor and Capital (????) The Class Struggles in France, 1848?1850 (????) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (????) Grundrisse (????, ???????? ????) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (????) Theories of Surplus Value , ? ???? (????) Value, Price and Profit (????) Capital, Volume I (Das Kapital) (????) The Civil War in France (????) ???? ????????? ???????? (????) Capital, Volume II (????, ??????? ???????) Capital, Volume III (????, ??????? ???????) Mathematical Manuscripts of Karl Marx (????) The Belgian Massacres (????)
?????? ? ???????	The German Ideology (????, ???????? ????) ?????? ?????? (????) ????????? ???????? (????) Writings on the U.S. Civil War (????) Karl Marx-Frederick Engels Collected Works (!???-????)
???????	?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (????) The Peasant War in Germany (????) ????????-????? (????) ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? (????) ???????? ????????????? (????) The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (????) Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (????) Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (????, ??????? ???????)