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???????? ??? ?????????????? ( ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ) ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ( ????? ?????? ??? , Sul??n Suleym?n-ı Evvel, ?????? ????????-? ?????? ), ??? ???????? ???-????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?' ????? ( ?????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ) ????? ???? ??? ^[??]

?????? (??????????) ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ^[??]

??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??, ???????? ??? ?????????????? ????? "???????? ?????? ????????"? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ^[??]

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???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ^[??] ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ^{[??] : ?} ??? ??? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? (?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????)? ^[??] ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? (??????????) ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????

???????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? (????-????) ??????? ??, ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????:

The sultan is only twenty-five years [actually 26] old, tall and slender but tough, with a thin and bony face. Facial hair is evident but only barely. The sultan appears friendly and in good humor. Rumor has it that Suleiman is aptly named, enjoys reading, is knowledgeable and shows good judgment.

?  ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? , ^{[??] : ?}

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????? ???????????? ?????? ??, ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???, ????? ?????????? , ???????? , ??????????? , ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???, ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ^{[??] : ??}

????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??, "???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???-?? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???, ?????????????????? ???, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????..." ^[??]

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? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ^[??] ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????, ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? (????) , ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ^[??] ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??,??? ^{[??] [??]} ???? ??,??? ^[??] ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??,??? ????? ?????? ??? ??,??? ?? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????

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???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????-? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? (????-????) ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??????? ????: "??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????; ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????" ^{[??] [??]} ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[??] ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ???? ???????????? ( ??????????? ) ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????

???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? , ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???-?? ???????? ???? ?????, ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ^{[??] : ??} ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????????? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????, ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????; ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??,??? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ^[??] ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????-??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ^{[??] : ???}

???? ????, ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ^{[??] : ??} ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????, ???????????? ?????? ??????? '??????' ?????? ??? ??? '??????? ????' ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? '?????' ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ^{[??] : ??}

???? ????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ^[??]

?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???

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???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? -?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ^[??] As a result, in 1533, Suleiman ordered his Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied Tabriz without resistance. Having joined Ibrahim in 1534, Suleiman made a push towards Persia, only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle, resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior. ^[??] When in the following year Suleiman and Ibrahim made a grand entrance into Baghdad , its commander surrendered the city, thereby confirming Suleiman as the leader of the Sunni Islamic world and the legitimate successor to the Sunni Abbasid Caliphs . ^[??] Moreover, the fact Suleiman restored the grave of Sunni imam Abu Hanifa also strengthened his credentials and claim to the caliphate.

Attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548?1549. As in the previous attempt, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat, using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the Caucasus . ^[??] Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz and the Urmia region, a lasting presence in the province of Van , control of the western half of Azerbaijan and some forts in Georgia . ^[??]

In 1553 Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah. Having initially lost territories in Erzurum to the Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia. The Shah's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans, leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain. In 1554, a settlement was signed which was to conclude Suleiman's Asian campaigns. Part of the treaty included and confirmed the return of Tabriz, but secured Baghdad, lower Mesopotamia , the mouths of the river Euphrates and Tigris , as well as part of the Persian Gulf . ^[??] The Shah also promised to cease all raids into Ottoman territory.

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^[??]

???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ( ???? ,???????? ?????????) ?????? ???????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ( ????? , ????) ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ???????, ?????????, ?????, ?????????????? ??? ??????????????, ???????, ????????????, ??????, ????, ?????????????, ????? , ?????, ????? ?????? ???????????????????? ??? ?? ??????? , ???????? ???????????????? ???? ( ???? ) ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????????, ?????????, ????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ???????????? ^[??]

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?????????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ??? ??? ???-? ????? ??? ??, "?????????? ??????????") ??????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??, ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????-??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????, 1526 ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???-? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ^[??] ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ??????????, ????? ??????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? (????, ?????????? ????, ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????), ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??, ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ^[??]

???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ( ???? , "Lover") ???????? (nom de plume) ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ? 1543 ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????: Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed . ^{[??] [??]} ?????????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?.??.??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? "???? ?????, ????? ????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????"? ^[??] ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??:

The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate,

But in this world a spell of health is the best state.
What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war;

Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estates. ^[??]

?  Mansel, 84

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At the time of Suleiman's death, the Ottoman Empire was one of the world's foremost powers. ^[??] Suleiman's conquests had brought under the control of the Empire the major Muslim cities ( Mecca , Medina , Jerusalem , Damascus , Cairo and Baghdad ), many Balkan provinces (reaching present day Croatia and Austria ), and most of North Africa . His expansion into Europe had given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power. Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that Austria's ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: "On [the Turks'] side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be? ... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East; how unprepared we are I dare not say." ^[??]

Even thirty years after his death, "Sultan Solyman" was quoted by the English playwright William Shakespeare as a military prodigy in The Merchant of Venice (Act 2, Scene 1).

Suleiman's legacy was not, however, merely in the military field. The French traveler Jean de Thevenot bears witness a century later to the "strong agricultural base of the country, the well being of the peasantry, the abundance of staple foods and the pre-eminence of organization in Suleiman's government". ^[??] The administrative and legal reforms which earned him the name Law Giver ensured the Empire's survival long after his death, an achievement which "took many generations of decadent heirs to undo". ^[??]

Through his personal patronage, Suleiman also presided over the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire, representing the pinnacle of the Ottoman Turks' cultural achievement in the realm of architecture, literature, art, theology and philosophy. ^{[?] [??]} Today the skyline of the Bosphorus and of many cities in modern Turkey and the former Ottoman provinces, are still adorned with the architectural works of Mimar Sinan . One of these, the Suleymaniye Mosque , is the final resting place of Suleiman and Hurrem Sultan: they are buried in separate domed mausoleums attached to the mosque.

However, after his death, the Ottoman Empire entered into a state of decline and stagnation during the reign of Sultan Selim II and later (not so great) sultans. The Ottoman conquests of Europe were ended permanently by major defeats such as the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Vienna . As the years passed, the Ottoman Empire slowly turned into a shadow of its former glory, becoming known as the " sick man of Europe" , where the Christian powers gradually regained their might, gaining new technologies and weapons for their armies until the Empire's dissolution by the reign of Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who was removed after World War I , which allowed the empire's total dismemberment as even the Muslim provinces became independent or part of colonial empires and Ataturk opted for a republican Turkish nation state.

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Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata