한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????????? ???????? - ??????????? ???????????? ????

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" Triumph of Orthodoxy " ??????????? ????????? ??? Byzantine Empress Theodora ??? ???? ???? ???? Michael III . 14 ????? ??? ???? - 15 ????? ????? ????? ???? .
A painting
?? Elizabethan ??????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? King Henry VIII ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? Edward VI -?? ???? ??????? [?] National Portrait Gallery, London

??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? (????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????)? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? , ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? "????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????" [?]

????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? (??????????? ?????? ??????) ?????????? ; Byzantine ?? ????????, ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????. [?]

??????????? ???????? ???? ???? -?? ?????????? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? . ??????????? -?? ????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ??? "????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????". [?] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? -?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? [?] ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? , ??????????, ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????, [?] ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????.

??????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ??? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????: Akhenaten
????

??????? ??? -?, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? -?, ??? ???????? , ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???:

??????? ???? -?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? -?? ????????? ??????? , ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? [?]

????????-?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????

??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????:

?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???; ?????????? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????; ???????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? [?]

??????????? ??? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????: Byzantine Iconoclasm
??????????? ??????????? ???????? , ?????? ????????? , ??? ??????? [?]

???? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? (??? ????.) ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? (???????)-?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????

????? ????? (??????????? ) ????????? -?, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? III ????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? . ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? [??] ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????. ????????, ?????????????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???. [??]

??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ???????? ???-? ???, ??? ???????????? II -?? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??-????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? [??]

??????? ??? [ ???????? ]

?????????? -? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? -?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????

??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, [??] [??] ?????????? (??????????) ??????, ????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? , ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? , ?? ???? -? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? (?????????????) ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? [??] ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????

??????? ?????? (??? ?????????????, ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???) ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? [??] ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? "????????????" ?? ??? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????????, ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????.

?????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? -?? ?????, ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???:

" ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??" ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????, "?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???" [??]

?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???, ???????????? ???????????,??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? ??? "??????? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????". [??] ????? ???????? ?? ????, ????? -?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ???:

????? ????? ?? ??? ???! ?? ??????? ???????! ?? ???????? ????! ?? ???????????? ???? ????! ?? ??????? ????? ???! ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????! ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???! ?? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???! ?? ?????????? ??????! ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??????????, ??????,???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????-??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????-?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????

?????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ?????? -? ????? -? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????

??????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? ? ?????) ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? [??] ???, ??????? ?????? " ?????? ???? " ?? ????? "?????, ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????" ????? ??????? ??????????? [??]

????? ????? ????? ?????

?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? [??] ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????

????
???? ???? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???

??-???????? , ?? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??'? ??-????? , ???? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? [??]

????????? ??????

???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (?????? ???????????????? ) ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????

?????????? ???????

???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? " ?????????? " ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? [??] [??]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? , ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ]]? [??] ???? ??, ??????????? ????? ????? (??????) ????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ??-??? ??-????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? [??]

???? [ ???????? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?????: Religious violence in India

?????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? [??] [??] [??]

????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????; ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ??????; ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????; ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ????????? ??????? -? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? [??] [??] [??]

?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? , ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? -? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? [??]

??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? (??? ?????? ????) , ????

???????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????: damnatio memoriae

???????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? "??????????? ????????"-? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????

????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? , ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????

????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? "????? ?? ?? ????????" (???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? )? [??]

????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???: ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???-????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????


?????? ?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?????? ??????? ???? [ ???????? ]

" ??? ???? "? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??-??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? [??] ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????

??????? ?????? ?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? [??] ???? ????, ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? [??]

??????? -?? ?????? ????????? ???????? (????-????) ????? "????? ??? ????? ???" ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, " ???????? ?? ?????????? ???, ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? (?????????) '?????? ?????????' ?? ????? ????? ?????????? [??]

???? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?????: Anti-Western sentiment in China

???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? [???? ????? ????? ???????? | ??? ??????????? ????????] ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????

???26 ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? [??]

?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? [??]

????-???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????, ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? (?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ??????? "?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????

????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

????? , ????????? 1931

-? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? -?? ?????????

??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????

??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????

???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????? (?????????)-? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? [??]

???????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? , ????????? ????????? - ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? - ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????

???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????:

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ A possible translation is also: "There shall be no pictures in the church, lest what is worshipped and adored should be depicted on the walls."

????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ Aston 1993 ; Loach 1999 , ??. 187; Hearn 1995 , ??. 75?76
  2. ↑ OED , "Iconoclast, 2", see also "Iconoclasm" and "Iconoclastic".
  3. ↑ "icono-, comb. form" ? OED Online ? Oxford University Press ? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?  
  4. ↑ "???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? 5 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? them ..." (Exodus 20:4?5a, ESV.)
  5. ↑ Michael, Robert (????)? A history of Catholic antisemitism : the dark side of the church (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ???????)? New York: Palgrave Macmillan? ?????? 28?30? ????????   978-0-230-11131-8 ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?  
  6. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" (??????) ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  7. ↑ "Akhenaten" ? Encyclopedia.com ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  8. ↑ Jan Assmann, From Akhenaten to Moses: Ancient Egypt and Religious Change , pg. 76, 2014, The American University in Cairo Press , ????????   ???-???-???-? .
  9. ↑ "Byzantine iconoclasm" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  10. ↑ Cyril Mango ?????, ??????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, The Oxford History of Byzantium, 2002.
  11. ↑ Mango, 2002.
  12. ↑ Robin Cormack, Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons , 1985, George Philip, London, ????????   ?-???-?????-? .
  13. ↑ Lamport, Mark A. (?? ????? ????)? Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation (English ??????)? Rowman & Littlefield Publishers? ?????? 138? ????????   9781442271593 ? Lutherans continued to worship in pre-Reformation churches, generally with few alterations to the interior. It has even been suggested that in Germany to this day one finds more ancient Marian altarpieces in Lutheran than in Catholic churches. Thus in Germany and in Scandinavia many pieces of medieval art and architecture survived. Joseph Leo Koerner has noted that Lutherans, seeing themselves in the tradition of the ancient, apostolic church, sought to defend as well as reform the use of images. "An empty, white-washed church proclaimed a wholly spiritualized cult, at odds with Luther's doctrine of Christ's real presence in the sacraments" (Koerner 2004, 58). In fact, in the 16th century some of the strongest opposition to destruction of images came not from Catholics but from Lutherans against Calvinists: "You black Calvinist, you give permission to smash our pictures and hack our crosses; we are going to smash you and your Calvinist priests in return" (Koerner 2004, 58). Works of art continued to be displayed in Lutheran churches, often including an imposing large crucifix in the sanctuary, a clear reference to Luther's theologia crucis . ... In contrast, Reformed (Calvinist) churches are strikingly different. Usually unadorned and somewhat lacking in aesthetic appeal, pictures, sculptures, and ornate altar-pieces are largely absent; there are few or no candles; and crucifixes or crosses are also mostly absent.  
  14. ↑ ? ? Felix, Steven (?? ????????? ????)? Pentecostal Aesthetics: Theological Reflections in a Pentecostal Philosophy of Art and Aesthetics. (English ??????)? Brill Academic Publishers ? ?????? 22? ????????   9789004291621 ? Luther's view was that biblical images could be used as teaching aids,and thus had didactic value. Hence Luther stood against the destruction of images whereas several other reformers (Karlstadt, Zwingli, Calvin) promoted these actions. In the following passage, Luther harshly rebukes Karlstadt on his stance on iconoclasm and his disorderly conduct in reform.  
  15. ↑ Stark, Rodney (?? ???????? ????)? The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success (English ??????)? Random House Publishing Group? ?????? 176? ????????   9781588365002 ? The Beeldenstorm, or Iconoclastic Fury, involved roving bands of radical Calvinists who were utterly opposed to all religious images and decorations in churches and who acted on their beliefs by storming into Catholic churches and destroying all artwork and finery.  
  16. ↑ Byfield, Ted (????)? A Century of Giants, A.D. 1500 to 1600: In an Age of Spiritual Genius, Western Christendom Shatters (English ??????)? Christian History Project? ?????? 297? ????????   9780968987391 ? Devoutly Catholic but opposed to Inquisition tactics, they backed William of Orange in subduing the Calvinist uprising of the Dutch beeldenstorm on behalf of regent Margaret of Parma, and had come willingly to the council at her invitation.  
  17. ↑ Kleiner, Fred S. (? ????????? ????)? Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Concise History of Western Art (English ??????)? Cengage Learning? ?????? 254? ????????   9781424069224 ? In an episode known as the Great Iconoclasm, bands of Calvinists visited Catholic churches in the Netherlands in 1566, shattering stained-glass windows, smashing statues, and destroying paintings and other artworks they perceived as idolatrous.  
  18. ↑ Wallace, Peter George. The Long European Reformation: Religion, Political Conflict, and the Search for Conformity, 1350?1750 . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. p. 95.
  19. ↑ Heal, Felicity (2005), Reformation in Britain and Ireland , Oxford University Press, ????????   ???-?-??-??????-? (pp. 263?4)
  20. ↑ ? ? Flood, Finbarr Barry (????)? "Between cult and culture: Bamiyan, Islamic iconoclasm, and the museum" ? The Art Bulletin ? 84 (4): 641?659? ???????   3177288 ? ????? : 10.2307/3177288 ?  
  21. ↑ Guillaume, Alfred (????)? The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah". ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 552? ????????   978-0-19-636033-1 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.  
  22. ↑ "What happened to the Sphinx's nose?" ? Smithsonian Journeys ? Smithsonian Institution ? ???????? ?, ????? ????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?  
  23. ↑ Howden, Daniel (????? ?, ????)? "Independent Newspaper on-line, London, Jan 19, 2007" ? News.independent.co.uk? ?????????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ?  
  24. ↑ " Islamica Magazine" ? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?  
  25. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (????-??-??)? "Timbuktu's Destruction: Why Islamists Are Wrecking Mali's Cultural Heritage" ? TIME ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  26. ↑ "Nine Years for the Cultural Destruction of Timbuktu" ? The Atlantic ? ????-??-?? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  27. ↑ ? ? Eaton, Richard M. (???????? ????)? "Temple desecration in pre-modern India" ? Frontline ? ???? 17 ?? 25? The Hindu Group ?  
  28. ↑ ? ? Eaton, Richard M. (?????????? ????)? "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"? Journal of Islamic Studies ? 11 (3): 283?319? ????? : 10.1093/jis/11.3.283 ?  
  29. ↑ ? ? Eaton, Richard M. (????)? Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India ? Gurgaon: Hope India Publications? ????????   978-8178710273 ?  
  30. ↑ Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (????)? "Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj" ? Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (English ??????)? 28 (3): 485?508? ????????   1356-1863 ? ????? : 10.1017/S1356186318000019 ?  
  31. ↑ Numbers and similarly Deuteronomy
  32. ↑ Elvira canons , Cua, ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???, Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur   .
  33. ↑ The Catholic Encyclopedia , This canon has often been urged against the veneration of images as practised in the Catholic Church. Binterim , De Rossi, and Hefele interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in overground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas; Von Funk , Termel, and Henri Leclercq opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority.  
  34. ↑ Chessman, Stuart? "The Society of St. Hugh of Cluny ≫ Post Topic ≫ Hetzendorf and the Iconoclasm in the Second Half of the 20th Century" ? Sthughofcluny.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  35. ↑ Harry L. Wells, Korean Temple Burnings and Vandalism: The Response of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies . Buddhist-Christian Studies , Vol. 20, 2000, pp. 239?240; http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/buddhist-christian_studies/v020/20.1wells.html
  36. ↑ Idzerda, Stanley J. (????)? "Iconoclasm during the French Revolution"? The American Historical Review ? 60/1 (1): 13?26? ???????   1842743 ? ????? : 10.2307/1842743 ?  
  37. ↑ Eaton (2000), Temple desecration in pre-modern India Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University
  38. ↑ ? ? Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States , Journal of Islamic Studies, 11(3), pp 283-319
  39. ↑ Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (????)? India Handbook ? McGraw-Hill? ?????? 959? ????????   978-0-658-01151-1 ?  
  40. ↑ Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. [?] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
  41. ↑ "Leaves from the past" ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????  
  42. ↑ "Gujarat State Portal | All About Gujarat | Gujarat Tourism | Religious Places | Somnath Temple" ? Gujaratindia.com ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  43. ↑ Firishta, Muhammad Q?sim Hind? Sh?h (????) [1829]? T?r?kh-i-Firishta [ History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India ]? John Briggs ?????? ??????? New Delhi?  
  44. ↑ Diana Lary (????)? Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925?1937 ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 98? ????????   978-0-521-20204-6 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  45. ↑ Karan, P. P. (????)? "Suppression of Tibetan Religious Heritage"? The Changing World Religion Map (?????? ??????)? Springer, Dordrecht? ?????? 461?476? ????????   9789401793759 ? ????? : 10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_23 ?  
  46. ↑ Auyezov, Olzhas (????????? ?, ????)? "Ukraine says blowing up Stalin statue was terrorism" ? Reuters ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?  
  47. ↑ "Afghan Taliban leader orders destruction of ancient statues" ? Rawa.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  48. ↑ Meintjies, Ilze-Marie (?? ??????????? ????)? "Protesting UCT Students Burn Historic Paintings, Refuse To Leave" ? Eyewitness News ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?  

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????????:Heresies condemned by the Catholic Church

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