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  1. ↑ "Religion ? Definition of Religion by Merriam-Webster" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  2. ↑ Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (????)? "Myth 1: All Societies Have Religions"? 50 Great Myths of Religion ? Wiley -Blackwell? ?????? 12?17? ????????   978-0-470-67350-8 ?  
  3. ↑ ? ? ? ? Nongbri, Brent (????)? Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept ? Yale University Press? ????????   978-0-300-15416-0 ?  
  4. ↑ "Dharma", The Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, ????????   ???-?-????-????-?
  5. ↑ Steven Rosen (2006), Essential Hinduism, Praeger, ????????   ?-???-?????-? , Chapter 3.
  6. ↑ "Dharma | Encyclopedia.com" ? The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ?  
  7. ↑ James 1902 , ??. 31?
  8. ↑ Durkheim 1915 ?
  9. ↑ Tillich, P. (1957) Dynamics of faith . Harper Perennial; (p. 1).
  10. ↑ ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; vergote ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
  11. ↑ Swindal, James (?????? ????)? "Faith and Reason" (?????? ??????)? Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?  
  12. ↑ African Studies Association; University of Michigan (????)? History in Africa ? 32 ? ?????? 119?  
  13. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape" ? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  14. ↑ "Religiously Unaffiliated" ? The Global Religious Landscape ? Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ? The religiously unaffiliated include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys. However, many of the religiously unaffiliated have some religious beliefs.  
  15. ↑ Eileen Barker , 1999, "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance", New Religious Movements: challenge and response , Bryan Wilson and Jamie Cresswell editors, Routledge ????????   ?-???-?????-?
  16. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil (????)? "3 ? Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns"? Martin, Michael? The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ? ?????? 47?66? ????????   978-1-13900-118-2 ? ????? : 10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004 ?  
  17. ↑ James, Paul (????)? "What Does It Mean Ontologically to Be Religious?" ? Stephen Ames; Ian Barns; John Hinkson; Paul James; Gordon Preece; Geoff Sharp? Religion in a Secular Age: The Struggle for Meaning in an Abstracted World ? Arena Publications? ?????? 56?100? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  18. ↑ Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Barnhart, R. K., editor (1998).
  19. ↑ ? ? "14.1A: The Nature of Religion" ? Social Sci LibreTexts (?????? ??????)? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?  
  20. ↑ Day 1982 , ??. 42?45?
  21. ↑ Brereton, Joel P. (???????? ????)? "Dharman In The Rgveda"? Journal of Indian Philosophy (?????? ??????)? 32 (5?6): 449?489? ????????   0022-1791 ? ??????????   170807380 ? ????? : 10.1007/s10781-004-8631-8 ?  
  22. ↑ "How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?" ?  
  23. ↑ Hiltebeitel, Alf (????)? Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative (?????? ??????)? Oxford University Press, USA? ?????? 36?37? ????????   978-0-19-539423-8 ?  
  24. ↑ Pasquier, Michael (????)? Religion in America: The Basics ? Routledge? ?????? 2?3? ????????   978-0367691806 ? Religion is a modern concept. It is an idea with a history that developed, most scholars would agree, out of the social and cultural disruptions of Renaissance and Reformation Europe. From the fourteenth to the seventeenth century, at a time of unprecedented political transformation and scientific innovation, it became possible for people to differentiate between things religious and things not religious. Such a dualistic understanding of the world was simply not available in such clear terms to ancient and medieval Europeans, to say nothing of people from the continents of North America, South America, Africa, and Asia.  
  25. ↑ Harrison, Peter (????)? The Territories of Science and Religion ? University of Chicago Press? ????????   978-0-226-18448-7 ?  
  26. ↑ ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; Roberts Jon ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
  27. ↑ Harrison, Peter (????)? 'Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment ? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ????????   978-0-521-89293-3 ?  
  28. ↑ Dubuisson, Daniel (????)? The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge, and Ideology ? Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press? ????????   978-0-8018-8756-7 ?  
  29. ↑ ? ? Fitzgerald, Timothy (????)? Discourse on Civility and Barbarity সীমিত পরীক্ষা সাপেক্ষে বিনামূল্যে প্রবেশাধিকার, সাধারণত সদস্যতা প্রয়োজন? Oxford University Press? ??????  45 ?46? ????????   978-0-19-530009-3 ?  
  30. ↑ Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (????)? The Meaning and End of Religion ? New York: MacMillan? ?????? 125?126?  
  31. ↑ Rupke, Jorg (????)? Religion: Antiquity and its Legacy ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 7?8? ????????   9780195380774 ?  
  32. ↑ Nongbri, Brent (????)? Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept ? Yale University Press? ??????  152 ? ????????   978-0-300-15416-0 ? Although the Greeks, Romans, Mesopotamians, and many other peoples have long histories, the stories of their respective religions are of recent pedigree. The formation of ancient religions as objects of study coincided with the formation of religion itself as a concept of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.  
  33. ↑ Harrison, Peter (????)? 'Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment সীমিত পরীক্ষা সাপেক্ষে বিনামূল্যে প্রবেশাধিকার, সাধারণত সদস্যতা প্রয়োজন? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ??????  1 ? ????????   978-0-521-89293-3 ? That there exist in the world such entities as 'the religions' is an uncontroversial claim...However, it was not always so. The concepts 'religion' and 'the religions', as we presently understand them, emerged quite late in Western thought, during the Enlightenment. Between them, these two notions provided a new framework for classifying particular aspects of human life.  
  34. ↑ Nongbri, Brent (????)? "2. Lost in Translation: Inserting "Religion" into Ancient Texts"? Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept ? Yale University Press? ????????   978-0-300-15416-0 ?  
  35. ↑ Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (????)? 50 Great Myths about Religions ? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 13? ????????   978-0-470-67350-8 ? Many languages do not even have a word equivalent to our word 'religion'; nor is such a word found in either the Bible or the Qur'an.  
  36. ↑ Pluralism Project, Harvard University (????)? Judaism - Introductory Profiles (??????) ? Harvard University? ?????? 2? In the English-speaking Western world, “Judaism” is often considered a “religion," but there are no equivalent words for “Judaism” or for “religion” in Hebrew; there are words for “faith,” “law,” or “custom” but not for “religion” if one thinks of the term as meaning solely the beliefs and practices associated with a relationship with God or a vision of transcendence.  
  37. ↑ "God, Torah, and Israel" ? Pluralism Project - Judaism (?????? ??????)? Harvard University?  
  38. ↑ Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit, History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, p. 3, citing Solomon Zeitlin , The Jews. Race, Nation, or Religion? (Philadelphia: Dropsie College Press, 1936).
  39. ↑ Whiteford, Linda M.; Trotter II, Robert T. (????)? Ethics for Anthropological Research and Practice ? Waveland Press? ?????? 22? ????????   978-1-4786-1059-5 ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  40. ↑ ? ? Burns, Joshua Ezra (????)? "3. Jewish ideologies of Peace and Peacemaking"? Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael? Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions ? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 86?87? ????????   978-1-118-95342-6 ?  
  41. ↑ Boyarin, Daniel (????)? Judaism: The Genealogy of a Modern Notion ? Rutgers University Press? ????????   978-0-8135-7161-4 ?  
  42. ↑ Kuroda, Toshio (????)? Jacqueline I. Stone ?????? ??????? "The Imperial Law and the Buddhist Law" (??????) ? Japanese Journal of Religious Studies : 23.3?4? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?  
  43. ↑ Neil McMullin. Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth-Century Japan . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1984.
  44. ↑ Harrison, Peter (????)? The Territories of Science and Religion ? University of Chicago Press? ?????? 101? ????????   978-0-226-18448-7 ? The first recorded use of "Boudhism" was 1801, followed by "Hindooism" (1829), "Taouism" (1838), and "Confucianism" (1862) (see figure 6). By the middle of the nineteenth century these terms had secured their place in the English lexicon, and the putative objects to which they referred became permanent features of our understanding of the world.  
  45. ↑ ? ? Josephson, Jason Ananda (????)? The Invention of Religion in Japan ? University of Chicago Press? ?????? 12? ????????   978-0-226-41234-4 ? The early nineteenth century saw the emergence of much of this terminology, including the formation of the terms Boudhism (1801), Hindooism (1829), Taouism (1839), Zoroastri-anism (1854), and Confucianism (1862). This construction of "religions" was not merely the production of European translation terms, but the reification of systems of thought in a way strikingly divorced from their original cultural milieu. The original discovery of religions in different cultures was rooted in the assumption that each people had its own divine "revelation," or at least its own parallel to Christianity. In the same period, however, European and American explorers often suggested that specific African or Native American tribes lacked religion altogether. Instead these groups were reputed to have only superstitions and as such they were seen as less than human.  
  46. ↑ Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (????)? 50 Great Myths about Religions ? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 12? ????????   978-0-470-67350-8 ? The phrase "World Religions" came into use when the first Parliament of the World's Religions was held in Chicago in 1893. Representation at the Parliament was not comprehensive. Naturally, Christians dominated the meeting, and Jews were represented. Muslims were represented by a single American Muslim. The enormously diverse traditions of India were represented by a single teacher, while three teachers represented the arguably more homogenous strains of Buddhist thought. The indigenous religions of the Americas and Africa were not represented. Nevertheless, since the convening of the Parliament, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism have been commonly identified as World Religions. They are sometimes called the "Big Seven" in Religious Studies textbooks, and many generalizations about religion have been derived from them.  
  47. ↑ Rhodes, John (????????? ????)? "An American Tradition: The Religious Persecution of Native Americans"? Montana Law Review ? 52 (1): 13?72? In their traditional languages, Native Americans have no word for religion. This absence is very revealing.  
  48. ↑ Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (????)? 50 Great Myths about Religions ? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 14? ????????   978-0-470-67350-8 ? Before the British colonized India, for example, the people there had no concept "religion" and no concept "Hinduism." There was no word "Hindu" in classical India, and no one spoke of "Hinduism" until the 1800s. Until the introduction of that term, Indians identified themselves by any number of criteria?family, trade or profession, or social level, and perhaps the scriptures they followed or the particular deity or deities upon whose care they relied in various contexts or to whom they were devoted. But these diverse identities were united, each an integral part of life; no part existed in a separate sphere identified as "religious." Nor were the diverse traditions lumped together under the term "Hinduism" unified by sharing such common features of religion as a single founder, creed, theology, or institutional organization.  
  49. ↑ Pennington, Brian K. (????), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion , Oxford University Press, ?????? 111?118, ????????   978-0-19-803729-3 , ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? , ???????? ????? ? ????? ????  
  50. ↑ Lloyd Ridgeon (????)? Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present ? Routledge? ?????? 10?11? ????????   978-1-134-42935-6 ? It is often said that Hinduism is very ancient, and in a sense this is true ... . It was formed by adding the English suffix -ism, of Greek origin, to the word Hindu , of Persian origin; it was about the same time that the word Hindu , without the suffix -ism, came to be used mainly as a religious term. ... The name Hindu was first a geographical name, not a religious one, and it originated in the languages of Iran, not of India. ... They referred to the non-Muslim majority, together with their culture, as 'Hindu'. ... Since the people called Hindu differed from Muslims most notably in religion, the word came to have religious implications, and to denote a group of people who were identifiable by their Hindu religion. ... However, it is a religious term that the word Hindu is now used in English, and Hinduism is the name of a religion, although, as we have seen, we should beware of any false impression of uniformity that this might give us.  
  51. ↑ Josephson, Jason Ananda (????)? The Invention of Religion in Japan ? University of Chicago Press? ?????? 1, 11?12? ????????   978-0-226-41234-4 ?  
  52. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil; Galen, Luke; Pasquale, Frank (????)? "2. Secularity around the World"? The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies ? Oxford University Press? ??????  39 ?40? ????????   978-0-19-992494-3 ? It was only in response to Western cultural contact in the late nineteenth century that a Japanese word for religion (shukyo) came into use. It tends to be associated with foreign, founded, or formally organized traditions, particularly Christianity and other monotheisms, but also Buddhism and new religious sects.  
  53. ↑ Max Muller , Natural Religion , p. 33, 1889
  54. ↑ "Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary " ? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?  
  55. ↑ Max Muller (????)? Introduction to the Science of Religion: Four Lectures Delivered at the Royal Institution with Two Essays on False Analogies, and the Philosophy of Mythology ? ?????? 28?  
  56. ↑ Vgl. Johann Figl: Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, ????????   ?-????-????-? , S. 65.
  57. ↑ Julia Haslinger: Die Evolution der Religionen und der Religiositat, s. Literatur Religionsgeschichte , S. 3?4, 8.
  58. ↑ Johann Figl: Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, ????????   ?-????-????-? , S. 67.
  59. ↑ In: Friedrich Schleichermacher: Der christliche Glaube nach den Grundsatzen der evangelischen Kirche. Berlin 1821/22. Neuausg. Berlin 1984, § 3/4. Zit. nach: Walter Burkert : Kulte des Altertums. Biologische Grundlagen der Religion. 2. Auflage. C.H. Beck, Munchen 2009, ????????   ???-?-???-?????-? , S. 102.
  60. ↑ Peter Antes: Religion, religionswissenschaftlich. In: EKL Bd. 3, Sp. 1543. S. 98.
  61. ↑ Zeigler, David (????????????????????? ????)? "Religious Belief from Dreams?"? Skeptical Inquirer ? ???? 44 ?? 1? Amherst, NY: Center for Inquiry ? ?????? 51?54?  
  62. ↑ Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth , p. 22 ????????   ?-???-?????-?
  63. ↑ Joseph Campbell, Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor . Ed. Eugene Kennedy. New World Library ????????   ?-?????-???-? .
  64. ↑ "myth" ? Encyclopædia Britannica ? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?  
  65. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? mythology, retrieved 9 September 2012
  66. ↑ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion . (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. p. 6.
  67. ↑ Brian Kemble Pennington Was Hinduism Invented? New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005. ????????   ?-??-??????-?
  68. ↑ Russell T. McCutcheon. Critics Not Caretakers: Redescribing the Public Study of Religion . Albany: SUNY Press, 2001.
  69. ↑ Nicholas Lash. The beginning and the end of 'religion'. Cambridge University Press, 1996. ????????   ?-???-?????-?
  70. ↑ Joseph Bulbulia. "Are There Any Religions? An Evolutionary Explanation." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 17.2 (2005), pp. 71?100
  71. ↑ Park, Chris (????)? "Religion and Geography"? Hinnells, John R.? The Routledge companion to the study of religion ? Routledge? ?????? 439?440? ????????   978-0-415-33311-5 ? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?  
  72. ↑ Flugel, Peter (????)? "The Invention of Jainism: A Short History of Jaina Studies" (??????) ? International Journal of Jaina Studies ? 1 (1): 1?14? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?  
  73. ↑ Timothy Fitzgerald. The Ideology of Religious Studies . New York: Oxford University Press US, 2000.
  74. ↑ Craig R. Prentiss. Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity . New York: NYU Press, 2003. ????????   ?-????-????-X
  75. ↑ Tomoko Masuzawa. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. ????????   ?-???-?????-?
  76. ↑ "Christians are the largest religious group in 2015" ? Pew Research Center ? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?  
  77. ↑ "Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism" (??????) ? WIN-Gallup International? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  78. ↑ "Losing our Religion? Two-Thirds of People Still Claim to be Religious" (??????) ? WIN/Gallup International ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ????  
  79. ↑ "Women More Religious Than Men" ? Live Science ? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  80. ↑ Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers ? p. 77, Christian Smith, Melina Lundquist Denton ? 2005
  81. ↑ "Christ in Japanese Culture: Theological Themes" in Shusaku Endo's Literary Works , Emi Mase-Hasegawa ? 2008
  82. ↑ New poll reveals how churchgoers mix eastern new age beliefs ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? retrieved 26 July 2013
  83. ↑ "Islam set to become world's largest religion by 2075, study suggests" ? The Guardian (?????? ??????)? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  84. ↑ "The Changing Global Religious Landscape" ? Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project ? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  85. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil (????)? "3 - Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns"? Martin, Michael? The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ? ?????? 47?66? ????????   978-1139001182 ? ????? : 10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004 ?  
  86. ↑ "Religion". Encyclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana , 70 vols. Madrid. 1907-1930.
  87. ↑ "The World's First Temple" ? Archaeology magazine ? ???????? ????? ?????? 23?  
  88. ↑ Sagona, Claudia? The Archaeology of Malta (?????? ??????)? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 47? ????????   9781107006690 ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  89. ↑ Shermer, Michael? The Science of Good and Evil ? ????????   0-8050-7520-8 ?  
  90. ↑ Compare: Diamond, Jared? "chapter 14, From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy"? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies ? ????????   9780393609295 ?  
  91. ↑ Beckford, James A. (????)? Social Theory and Religion সীমিত পরীক্ষা সাপেক্ষে বিনামূল্যে প্রবেশাধিকার, সাধারণত সদস্যতা প্রয়োজন? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ??????  2 ? ????????   978-0-521-77431-4 ?  

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