?????? ???????

?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? (????, ????, ????) ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? (????) ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? (???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????) ?????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ^[?]

?????? ??????? ?????? ?????-????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ????????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? (????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???)? ???????, ????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ????????????, ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????, ????)?

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ^[?] ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????

?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ???
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????

????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ^[?]^[?] ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????

???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ^[?] ? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ^[?]

????????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????-? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ^[?] ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??-???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ^[?] ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????

?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ????-?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????-????? ????????? ???? ????????? ^[?] ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????-?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? -?? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????

?????? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ?????

??? ?? ?????? ??????
??????????
???????? ????
???? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????

??????????? [ ???????? ]

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????, ????????? ????????????? ???, ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ????
?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????, ????

?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? "???? ?? ?????? ???????????" ?? ?????????? "?????? ???????"?

??????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????

??????? ? (????) ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???
??????? ? (????) ?-??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????
??????? ? (????) ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???

??????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???, ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??-? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????-???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????

??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? [ ???????? ]

?? ???? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????

?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????????
????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????-????????? ????? ???? ^[??]
???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? "????? ? ???????" ?????? ^[??]

??????? ??????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????

??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????

?-??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? [ ???????? ]

?? ???? ????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????-????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????, ? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ^[??] ????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???, ? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ^[??]

??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? ^[??] ??? ??????? ? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????

???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
??? ? ????????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ????

??????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ^[??] ????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????

?????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ?????????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???, ?????, ??? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????

????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????

???????? ?????, ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????-???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????
???????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???
????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???
???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????

??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????

????? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???
?????????? ????? ????????? ???, ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ^[??]

?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ^[??] ???? ??? ???, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????

??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? (????????) ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? (???????????) ??? ????

?????????????? ?????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????, ??????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ^[??] ??? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? (???? - ??????????), ^[??], ???? ?? ???? ???????, ???????? ??????? (???? - ??????????) ^[??], ??? ???? ?? ??????? - ???????? ??????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" ? International Humanitarian Law ? International Committee of the Red Cross?
↑ Dunant, Henry? A Memory of Solferino ? English version, full text online.
↑ Abrams, Irwin (????)? The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001 ? US: Science History Publications?
↑ The story of an idea , film on the creation of the Red Cross, Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions
↑ Roxburgh, Ronald (????)? International Law: A Treatise ? London: Longmans, Green and co.? ?????? 707? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? , ??????? , ????????? , ???????? , ??????? , ??? , ???????? , ????? , ???????? , ????????? , ????? , ??? ??????????? .
↑ Burton, David (????)? Clara Barton: in the service of humanity ? London: Greenwood Publishing Group?
↑ Text of the 1906 convention (French) ^{[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]}
↑ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 118, pp. 304-341.
↑ Kolb, Robert (????)? Ius in bello ? Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn? ????? ??????????? |code= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? )
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Pictet, Jean (????)? Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary ? International Committee of the Red Cross?
↑ http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml
↑ How "grave breaches" are defined in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols , International Committee of the Red Cross.
↑ For example, the War Crimes Act of 1996 .
↑ "The Geneva Conventions Today" ? International Committee of the Red Cross?
↑ U.S. Supreme Court decision, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
↑ Abresch, William (????)? "A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya" (??????) ? European J. of International Law ? 16 (4)? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ? ????
?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? , ICRC
www.SupportGenevaConventions.info
?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ?

[1] "State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" ? International Humanitarian Law ? International Committee of the Red Cross?

[2] Dunant, Henry? A Memory of Solferino ? English version, full text online.

[3] Abrams, Irwin (????)? The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001 ? US: Science History Publications?

[4] The story of an idea , film on the creation of the Red Cross, Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions

[5] Roxburgh, Ronald (????)? International Law: A Treatise ? London: Longmans, Green and co.? ?????? 707? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? , ??????? , ????????? , ???????? , ??????? , ??? , ???????? , ????? , ???????? , ????????? , ????? , ??? ??????????? .

[6] Burton, David (????)? Clara Barton: in the service of humanity ? London: Greenwood Publishing Group?

[7] Text of the 1906 convention (French) ^{[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]}

[8] Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 118, pp. 304-341.

[9] Kolb, Robert (????)? Ius in bello ? Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn? ????? ??????????? |code= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? )

[pictet-10] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Pictet, Jean (????)? Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary ? International Committee of the Red Cross?

[11] ttp://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml

[icrc-12] How "grave breaches" are defined in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols , International Committee of the Red Cross.

[13] For example, the War Crimes Act of 1996 .

[14] "The Geneva Conventions Today" ? International Committee of the Red Cross?

[15] U.S. Supreme Court decision, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

[16] Abresch, William (????)? "A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya" (??????) ? European J. of International Law ? 16 (4)? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[??]

[??]

[??]

[??]

[??]

[??]

[??]