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?????? ????	???? (????????, ???? ????????) ; ?? (??????, ???? ????????) ;
?????? ?????????	?.?% (????) ?.?% (????) ; ??.?% (????e) ?.?% (????e) ?.?% (????e) ?.?% (????e) ;
???????? ??????	$??,??? (????????, ???? ????????) ; $??,??? (??????, ???? ????????) ;
???????? ?????? ????	???? (????????, ???? ????????) ; ???? (??????, ???? ????????) ;
??? ???????? ??????	???? : ?.?% ; ????? : ??.?% ; ??????? : ??.?% ; (????-? ????????) ;
????? ???????? ??????	????????? ???: ??.?% ; ?????? ???: ??.?% ; ??????? ?????? ????????: ??.?% ; ????????????? ????????: ??.?% ; ???? ? ???????? ??????: ??.?% ; ???? ? ???????? ??????: ???.?% ; (????-? ????????) ;
???????????? ( ?????? )	?.?% (???? ????????) ; ?.?% (????) ; ?.?% (????) ;
?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????	17.4% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE, 2019)
???? ???	??.? ????? (????, ??????????? )
???? ??????? ????	?.??? ?????? (????) ( 6th ) ; ?.??? ?????? ????????? (????) ;
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??? ????	€4,012 / $4,450 monthly (2019)
??? ??? ????	€2,439 / $2,705 monthly (2019)
?????? ?????????	???? ; ?????? ; ????? ; ??????? ; ????????? ; ?????????? ; ??????? ; ?????? ??????? ; ???????????? ; ???? ????? ; ????? ? ?????? ; ????? ??????? ; ????? ;
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?????? ????	$?.??? ????????? (?? ???????? ????-????????) ; Abroad: $2.298 ????????? (?? ???????? ????-????????) ;
???? ?????	$280 billion (2019 est.)
??? ??????? ??	$?.??? ????????? (?? ????? ????-????????)
?????? ???????????
?????? ??	59.8% of GDP (2019) ; €2.053 trillion (2019) ;
??????? ????????	€49.8 billion surplus (2019) ; +1.4% of GDP (2019) ;
??????	46.8% of GDP (2019)
?????	45.4% of GDP (2019)
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??????? ??????? ???????	$??? ??????? (??? ????)
	; ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????

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???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????, ^[??] ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ^[??] ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????.?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ^[??]^[??] ??? ???????'?? ??????? ??? ??%, ????? ??.?% ? ???? ?.?% ????? ????? ^[??]^{[
??????? ????
]}^[??] ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????????, ????????? ????, ????????? ????, ????????? ???????, ????, ?????? ???????, ????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ^[??] ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????-????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ^[??] ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ^[??]

???????? ??? , ??????? , ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? (??? ?????: ?????/??????? ?????? )? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? (??%) ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ?????, ???, ???????? (??? ? ??? ????????) ? ??????? ????? ??????? ^[??] ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????? (???? ??????) ??% ??????? ??????? ?????? ^[??] ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? "??????????????," ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??????, ???????????, ???????, ??????????, ????? ??????, ??????, ???????, ?????? ?? ? ?????? ^[??]

???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ^[??] ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ^[??] ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????, ????????????, ?????, ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019" ? IMF.org ? International Monetary Fund ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?
↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups" ? datahelpdesk.worldbank.org ? World Bank ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?
↑ "Population on 1 January" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020" ? IMF.org ? International Monetary Fund ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/konjunktur-bundesbank-erwartet-kraeftigen-aufschwung-a-065bbff8-0022-4854-aca9-7f52747d26e5?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-de-DE
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "Europe :: Germany" ? The World Factbook ? Central Intelligence Agency ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?
↑ "People at risk of poverty or social exclusion" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "Human Development Index (HDI)" ? hdr.undp.org ? HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?
↑ "Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)" ? hdr.undp.org ? UNDP ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "August 2020: employment slightly up on the previous month" ? destatis.de ? Federal Statistical Office of Germany ? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "Ease of Doing Business in Germany" ? Doingbusiness.org? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "Deutsche Bundesbank" (??????) ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "Euro area and EU27 government deficit both at 0.6% of GDP" (??????) ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
↑ "Development aid rises again in 2016 but flows to poorest countries dip" ? OECD ? ????-??-??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "Sovereigns rating list" ? Standard & Poor's? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (?? ?????? ????)? "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating" ? The Guardian ? London? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?
↑ "Scope affirms Germany's credit rating of AAA with Stable Outlook" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves" ? CEIC Data - UK? ???? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Spicka 2007 , ??. 2?
↑ "Germany: Spend More At Home" ? imf.org ? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
↑ Alfred Dupont CHANDLER， Takashi Hikino， Alfred D Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism 1990
↑ "Scale and Scope ? Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. | Harvard University Press" ? Hup.harvard.edu? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Anja Ettel (? ??????????? ????)? "Warum Europa uber Deutschlands Erfolg meckert" [Why Europe complains about Germany's success]? Die Welt (??????? ??????)? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?
↑ "German current account surplus to hit record, world's largest in 2016: Ifo" ? CNBC? ????-??-??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "National economy & environment - Foreign trade - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)" ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????
↑ Statistisches Bundesamt: Ranking of Germany's trading partners in foreign trade: 2014 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????, 22 October 2015
↑ Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division (?????? ????)? "Country Profile: Germany" ? ?????? 10? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? (PDF) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? Exports are responsible for one-third of total economic output, and at the prevailing dollar?euro exchange rate, no country exports more merchandise.
↑ "Germany's capital exports under the euro | vox" ? Voxeu.org? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Destatis ? "CIA Factbook" ? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
↑ "What Germany offers the world" ? The Economist ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
↑ "Archived copy" ? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Burger, Bruno (?? ????????? ????)? "Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany 2019" (??????) ? ise.fraunhofer.de ? Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?
↑ Wind Power ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany) Retrieved 30 November 2006.
↑ "Forbes Global 2000: Germany's Largest Companies" ? Forbes ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "trade shows in Germany, fairs Germany, trade fair Germany, trade show venue Germany" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????
↑ "Trade fairs in Germany" ? German National Tourist Board ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?

????????? [ ???????? ]

[1] "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019" ? IMF.org ? International Monetary Fund ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?

[2] "World Bank Country and Lending Groups" ? datahelpdesk.worldbank.org ? World Bank ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?

[3] "Population on 1 January" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?

[IMFWEODE-4] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020" ? IMF.org ? International Monetary Fund ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[5] ttps://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/konjunktur-bundesbank-erwartet-kraeftigen-aufschwung-a-065bbff8-0022-4854-aca9-7f52747d26e5?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-de-DE

[CIAWFGM-6] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "Europe :: Germany" ? The World Factbook ? Central Intelligence Agency ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?

[7] "People at risk of poverty or social exclusion" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[8] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey" ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[9] "Human Development Index (HDI)" ? hdr.undp.org ? HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?

[10] "Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)" ? hdr.undp.org ? UNDP ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?

[Destatis-11] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? "August 2020: employment slightly up on the previous month" ? destatis.de ? Federal Statistical Office of Germany ? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?

[World_Bank_and_International_Financial_Corporation-12] "Ease of Doing Business in Germany" ? Doingbusiness.org? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[13] "Deutsche Bundesbank" (??????) ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[1st_Notif-14] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? "Euro area and EU27 government deficit both at 0.6% of GDP" (??????) ? ec.europa.eu/eurostat ? Eurostat ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?

[oecd-aid-15] "Development aid rises again in 2016 but flows to poorest countries dip" ? OECD ? ????-??-??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[16] "Sovereigns rating list" ? Standard & Poor's? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?

[guardian-17] ? ^? ^? Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (?? ?????? ????)? "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating" ? The Guardian ? London? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?

[18] "Scope affirms Germany's credit rating of AAA with Stable Outlook" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[ceicdata-2-19] "Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves" ? CEIC Data - UK? ???? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[FOOTNOTESpicka20072-20] Spicka 2007 , ??. 2?

[imf.org-21] "Germany: Spend More At Home" ? imf.org ? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?

[22] Alfred Dupont CHANDLER， Takashi Hikino， Alfred D Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism 1990

[23] "Scale and Scope ? Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. | Harvard University Press" ? Hup.harvard.edu? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[autogenerated1-24] Anja Ettel (? ??????????? ????)? "Warum Europa uber Deutschlands Erfolg meckert" [Why Europe complains about Germany's success]? Die Welt (??????? ??????)? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?

[25] "German current account surplus to hit record, world's largest in 2016: Ifo" ? CNBC? ????-??-??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[26] "National economy & environment - Foreign trade - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)" ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

[27] Statistisches Bundesamt: Ranking of Germany's trading partners in foreign trade: 2014 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????, 22 October 2015

[28] Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division (?????? ????)? "Country Profile: Germany" ? ?????? 10? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? (PDF) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? Exports are responsible for one-third of total economic output, and at the prevailing dollar?euro exchange rate, no country exports more merchandise.

[29] "Germany's capital exports under the euro | vox" ? Voxeu.org? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[30] Destatis ? "CIA Factbook" ? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?

[31] "What Germany offers the world" ? The Economist ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?

[32] "Archived copy" ? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[33] Burger, Bruno (?? ????????? ????)? "Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany 2019" (??????) ? ise.fraunhofer.de ? Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?

[34] Wind Power ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany) Retrieved 30 November 2006.

[35] "Forbes Global 2000: Germany's Largest Companies" ? Forbes ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[36] "trade shows in Germany, fairs Germany, trade fair Germany, trade show venue Germany" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

[37] "Trade fairs in Germany" ? German National Tourist Board ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?

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