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??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???-

?. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? "???" ?????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??) ?. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? (??? ?????? ??????????) ??????? ???? ?. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?. ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?. ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????, ?????, ???????,????????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

??? ??? ??????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M (????)? "Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III"? Journal of Experimental Medicine ? 79 (1): 137?158? ????? : 10.1084/jem.79.2.137 ? 35th anniversary reprint available
↑ Hershey AD, Chase M (????)? "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage"? The Journal of General Physiology ? 36 : 39?56? ????? : 10.1085/jgp.36.1.39 ? ???????? 12981234 ?
↑ Judson, Horace (????)? The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology ? Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press? ?????? 51?169? ???????? 0-87969-477-7 ? ????? ??????????? |middle= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? )
↑ Watson JD, Crick FHC (????)? "[[Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids]]: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF) ? Nature ? 171 (4356): 737?738? ????? : 10.1038/171737a0 ? ???????????????? ???????? ( ??????? )
↑ Watson JD, Crick FHC (????)? "Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" (PDF) ? Nature ? 171 (4361): 964?967? ????? : 10.1038/171964b0 ?
↑ Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR (????)? "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors"? Nature ? 74 (12): 5463?5467? ????? : 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463 ? ???????? 271968 ?
↑ Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N (????)? "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia"? Science ? 230 (4732): 1350?1354? ????? : 10.1126/science.2999980 ? ???????? 2999980 ?
↑ "Human Genome Project Information" ? Human Genome Project? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Ramsden, Jeremy J (????)? Bioinformatics: An Introduction ? New York: Springer? ?????? 191 ? ???????? 978-1-84800-256-2 ?
↑ NCBI
↑ "???????????????? ???????" (??????) ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?

????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[Avery_et_al-1] Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M (????)? "Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III"? Journal of Experimental Medicine ? 79 (1): 137?158? ????? : 10.1084/jem.79.2.137 ? 35th anniversary reprint available

[2] Hershey AD, Chase M (????)? "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage"? The Journal of General Physiology ? 36 : 39?56? ????? : 10.1085/jgp.36.1.39 ? ???????? 12981234 ?

[3] Judson, Horace (????)? The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology ? Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press? ?????? 51?169? ???????? 0-87969-477-7 ? ????? ??????????? |middle= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? )

[watsoncrick_1953a-4] Watson JD, Crick FHC (????)? "[[Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids]]: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF) ? Nature ? 171 (4356): 737?738? ????? : 10.1038/171737a0 ? ???????????????? ???????? ( ??????? )

[watsoncrick_1953b-5] Watson JD, Crick FHC (????)? "Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" (PDF) ? Nature ? 171 (4361): 964?967? ????? : 10.1038/171964b0 ?

[sanger_et_al-6] Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR (????)? "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors"? Nature ? 74 (12): 5463?5467? ????? : 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463 ? ???????? 271968 ?

[saiki_et_al-7] Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N (????)? "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia"? Science ? 230 (4732): 1350?1354? ????? : 10.1126/science.2999980 ? ???????? 2999980 ?

[human_genome_project-8] "Human Genome Project Information" ? Human Genome Project? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[9] Ramsden, Jeremy J (????)? Bioinformatics: An Introduction ? New York: Springer? ?????? 191 ? ???????? 978-1-84800-256-2 ?

[NCBI-10] NCBI

[11] "???????????????? ???????" (??????) ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?

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