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??????????? ????? ( ?????? : Bertrand Russell ) ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? , ?’ ?? , ?? ?? ?? (?? ??' ???? ? ? ?????????? ????) ??????? ??? ??????? [1] ???????? , ??????? ??? ?’??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? [2]

???? ??? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ????’ ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ’????’(Earl) ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? (Richmond park) ??????’? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????-???? ?’??? ???? ’???????????? ??????????’(Principia Mathematica) ? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ’???????????? ?????????’? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ’????????? ??????????? ??????’ (The wisest man in Britain) ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?’?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????-????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? [3]

?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? , ??????????? , ?????? , ????????? , ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? [3]

????? ??? ??????? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????-?????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? (Emperical) ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????-?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? (Free lave) ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????-????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???????????? ??? (Beatrice Web), ????????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? [3]

??? ????? ???? ?’?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?’?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ’???? ??? ?????’(Beacon Hill School) ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?’?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????(Patricia Spence)? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? [3]

???????? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ’?’ ?????????????? ????? (No Conscription Committee) ? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ’????? ?????’(Labour Leader) ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ’?’ ???????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ’?? ??????????’? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ’?????????’ ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? , ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ’???’? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ’?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????’ (Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy) ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ’????????? ?? ??????”(Analysis of Mind) ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??’ ??? (Dewey) ’???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????’ (Essays in Experimentel Logic) ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ’?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? (The Practice and theory of Balshevism) ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ’?? ???????????? ?? ?????’ (The Problems of China)? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?’?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????/?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? [3]

???????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ’ ???????????? ?????????? ’? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ’?? ???????????? ?? ???????’(The Conquest of Happiness), ’?? ???????? ?? ????????????’(In Praise of Idleness) ??? ’????????? ???? ????????’(Religion and science) ???? ?????? ??????? [3] ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?’??

???????? ?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ’???? ?? ????????? ????’? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??-??-??? ??????????? ?????? ’?????? ???? ?? ???????????’ ?????? ??????????? ?????????

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ’?????? ?? ?????’ ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ? [3]

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ’?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????’(The Collected stories of Bertrend Russel) ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? [3]

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. Sidney Hook, "Lord Russell and the War Crimes Trial", Bertrand Russell: critical assessments , Volume 1, edited by A. D. Irvine, (New York 1999) page 178
  2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Bertrand Russell" , 1 May 2003
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 ?????? ???? (????). ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ????. ??????. ??-??.  

???? ???? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • 1900, Sur la logique des relations avec des applications a la theorie des series , Rivista di matematica 7 : 115?148.
  • 1901, On the Notion of Order , Mind (n.s.) 10 : 35?51.
  • 1902, (with Alfred North Whitehead ), On Cardinal Numbers , American Journal of Mathematics 23 : 367?384.
  • 1948, BBC Reith Lectures: Authority and the Individual A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948.
  • John Newsome Crossley. A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox , Australian Journal of Philosophy 51 : 70?71.
  • Ivor Grattan-Guinness , 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870?1940 . Princeton University Press.
  • Bertrand Russell: A Political Life by Alan Ryan 1981

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments , edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
  • Bertrand Russell , by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
  • Bertrand Russell's Ethics . by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
  • The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell , edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
  • Russell , by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. ISBN 0-00-632965-9 . A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
  • The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem , by Celia Green. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4 Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on causality.
  • Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship , by Nicholas Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

????????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist , by John Lewis (1968)
  • Bertrand Russell , by A. J. Ayer (1972), reprint ed. 1988: ISBN 0-226-03343-0
  • The Life of Bertrand Russell , by Ronald W. Clark (1975) ISBN 0-394-49059-2
  • Bertrand Russell and His World , by Ronald W. Clark (1981) ISBN 0-500-13070-1
  • Bertrand Russell: Mathematics: Dreams and Nightmares by Ray Monk (1997) ISBN 0-75380-190-6
  • Bertrand Russell: 1872?1920 The Spirit of Solitude by Ray Monk (1997) ISBN 0-09-973131-2
  • Bertrand Russell: 1921?1970 The Ghost of Madness by Ray Monk (2001) ISBN 0-09-927275-X
  • Logicomix: An Epic Search for Truth by Apostolos Doxiadis, and Christos Papadimitriou (2009)

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Bertrand Russell. 1967?1969, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell , 3 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin.
  • Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. 1975?1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell & Alla Pearsall Smith, Part 1" & "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from The People's Almanac , webpages: Part 1 Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine & Part 3 Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 8 November 2008).
  • Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in Schilpp, Paul Arturn "The Philosophy of Betrand Russell", New York, Tudorm 1951, pp 3?20

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