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خريطة
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?? ?????? ??????: ??????? , ???? ????? , ?????? ???? , ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? 1978.

??????? ( ???? : ?????   Yisra'el ) ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ( ??? ? ????? ??????? ) ? ??? ?????? ????? 9.6 ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? . ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1947 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 1948 ??? 14 ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??? 48. ?? 1967 ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? 120 ??? ???????? ????? ?? 4 ????.

???? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (???) ? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????.

?? ???? ? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????? . ?? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ( 3% ).

??????? / ? ? z r i . ? l , - r e? -/  ; Hebrew Y?sr???l [ ???????? ]  ; Arabic : ??????????? ‎ ?Isr???l ), officially the State of Israel ( ???????? ?????????? Med?nat Y?sr???l [ ????? ???????? ]  ; ??????? ??????????? Dawlat Isr???l ) ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? . ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? . ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? . [5] [6]

??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? . ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?? ?????? . ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? . ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? . ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1948 . ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? 14 ???? 1948? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??.

??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 15 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1948 . ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? 1949 ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1948? ?? ??? ???? ?? 700.000 ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? 150.000 ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? 260 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. [7] [9] ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 1967 ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1973? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????.

???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? . ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? . [10] ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ? [11] ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 9 ?????? ????? As of 2021 . [12] ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? 13 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? .

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???? ??????? (????? ????????? ??? ???????). ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?"???????"? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

?? ?? ???????? ????????? (1920-1948)? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? "??????". Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name 'State of Israel' ( Hebrew , Med?nat Yisr?'el ⓘ [ medi?nat ???????? ]  ; Arabic : ??????? ??????????? ‎ , Dawlat Isr???l , [ ???? ??????????? ] ) ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? " ??? ??????? " (??? ??????? )? ???? (?? ???? ???? )? ????? ? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? "???????" ?????? ??- ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? 6-3. [13] ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? " ???????? " ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? .

?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? "???????" (????????:  ???????  ; Greek ????????? ? ??????? ? "?? (????) ????/????"? ??? ?????? ??? Hosea 12:4 ??? ??? "???? ?? ????") [14] [15] [16] ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????. [17] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? . ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? 4 ?????? ?????? 430 ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? " ?????? ". ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? "???????" ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????). [18]

?????

????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 1.5 ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? [19] ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?120 ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? [20] ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 4500 ??? ???????. [21]

??????? ???????? ? ???????

?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? (2100-1550 ??? ???????). [22] ?? ????? ???????? ??????? (1550-1200 ??? ???????)? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . [23] ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? . [24] [25] ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. [26]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 1200 ??? ???????. [27] [28] ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.  :?78-79? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? - ???????? ????? - ?????? ??? ???? . [29] [30] ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? . [31] ??? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. [32] [33]

????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????. [34] [35]

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????

???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ca. . 900 ??? ???????  :?169-195? [36] ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ca. 850 ??? ???????. [37] [38] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? [39] ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. [40]

?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 720 ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? . ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 400000 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? . [41] ??? 587/6 ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? [39] [42] ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? . [43] ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? . [44] [45] ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? 539 ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. [46] [47] ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????.

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??? ???? ?????? ?????? c. ?520 BCE [46] ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? 30.000 ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????.  :?308? 

??? 332 ??? ???????? ??? 
???????? ??????
 ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? . ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ??
??????
 ???? ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 
??????? ??????
 ? ?? ???  ????? ???? ????????? ??? 167 ??? ???????. ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 
????? ????? ???????????
 ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????

??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? 63 ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? . ??? 6 ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????.???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (66-73 ?) ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 132 ?136 ?. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????. [48] [49] [50] ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? . [51] [52] ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? [53] [54] ??????? ????????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. [55] ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. [54]

?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????

???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? [56]

?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. [57] ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? "???? ?????". ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???????. [58] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. [59] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 614 ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 628. [60]

?? 634-641 ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? . [61] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? . ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? 300000 ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????. [41] [61] [62] [63] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? . ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? 1291.

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 ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 4  ???? ??? ??? . ? ??? 1660????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? .
[64]
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  ???  1834? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 
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 . ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????  ???  1840.
[66]
 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????.

?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?"?????" ?"??? ???????"? [67] ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? " ?????? ??????" ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? - ????? ? ?????? ? ? ?? ???? ? ???? - ? ??? 1697? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1500 ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ??????.

??????? ???????? ???????? (1897) ?? ???? ? ??????

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??? 1881? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? [68] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? . ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? . [69] ??? 1896? ??? ????? Der Judenstaat ( ?????? ???????? )? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????. [70] ????? ?????? ??????? (1904-1914) ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? 40.000 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? [71] ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? . [72] ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1909. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1907. ??? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. 

??? 1917? ?? 
????? ???????? ??????
 ? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? 
???? ?????
 ????? ?????
  ??
???? ???????
 ? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? " ??? ???? " ?????? ?? ??????.

??? 1918? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? .   ???  1920? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???  ???? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 
?????? ??????????
 .
[73]
[74]
 ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1920 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? 
?????????
 (????? "??????" ????????) ????????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 
???????
 ?????
 ??? ????????. .
[75]
 ? ??? 1922? ???? 
???? ?????
 ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???  ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????.
[76]
 ??? ???? ???????  ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 11%?  ? ????? ????????? ????? 9.5% ?? ??????.
[77]

???? ?????? ??????? (1919-1923) ? ?????? ??????? (1924-1929) 100.000 ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 1936-1939 ? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? 5032 ???? ????? 14760 ?????? 12622. [78] [79] ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? % ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. [80] ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 1939 . ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? "????? ???" ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?31% ?? ?????? ??????. [81]

??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???. ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. [82] ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? "????? ???" ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????.

????? ????? ??????? "??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????"

?? 29 ?????? 1947? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 181 (II) ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? . [83] ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 3 ?????/??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? 55-56% ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? 6-7% ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? 20% ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. [84] [85] [86] [87] [87] [88] ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? [89] ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. [87] [90] ?? 1 ?????? 1947? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 3 ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? . ?????? ????? ???? ????? . ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? 15 ???? 1948? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ????? 1948? ???? ????????? ??????. [87] ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? 250 ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? . [87]

?? ?????? 1947? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? 4 ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????: ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? "?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????" ???? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1939 . [91]

?? 22 ????? 1946? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? [92] ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? . [93] [94] [95] ????? ?? ?????? 91 ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? 46. [96] ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? . [96] [97] ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? (????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????) ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????. ?? ???? ????????. [96] [97] ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? 1946 ?1947 ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? 1947? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ?? 15 ???? 1947? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? "??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????".?? ????? ?????? ?????? 3 ?????? 1947 ?????? ??????? ??????? [98] ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? "???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 1947? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?3 ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. [99]

???? ???????

????????? ? ?????? ??????

????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 14 ???? 1948
??? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ???? 1949 ????? ??????? ??? 1948

?? 14 ???? 1948? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? "????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???????". [100] [101] ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? (" ??? ??????? "). ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 4 ??? ????? - ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? - ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1948 ? [102] [103] ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ????? . [87] ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? "??? ?????? ?????". [87] ??????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [87] ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [104]

???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??? . ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 700 ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? - ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? "??????" ("???????"). ???? ??? 156 ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? . [105]

?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? 11 ???? 1949. [106] ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? . [107] [108]

??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ( lit. "???? ?????? ? ") ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 1953. [109] ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? . ?? ????????? ?????? ??????: ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????. [110]

??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? 700.000 ?1.400.000. ????? ??? 1958? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? . [111] ??? 1948 ?1970? ?? ??? ????? 1,150,000 ???? ????? ????????. ? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? . ? ??? 1952? ??? ???? ???? ?? 200 ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? - ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. [112] [113] ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. [114]

?????? ?????? ??????????

?? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? [115] ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? 1956? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????. [116] ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????

?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????????????? . [117] ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????. [118] ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? . [119] ?? ???? ???? ??? 1963? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????. [120]

?? ??? 1964? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? [121] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????. [115] ? ??? 1966? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????. [113]

??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????: ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1982.

??? ??? 1967 ????? " ??????? ??????? " ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? 1967-1970? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??????. ? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ??? 1964? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? "?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????". ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? 1972 ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? .

?? 6 ?????? 1973? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? . ????? ????? ?? 25 ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? 2500 ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 10 ?35 ??? ??? ?? ????? 20 ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. [122]   [ ???? ???? ????? ] ?? ????? 1976? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? . ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 102 ?? ??? 106 ????? ?????????? ?????.

????? ??????

???? ???????? ??????? ??? 1977 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? . [124] ?? ??? ?????  ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. [90] ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? (1978) ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??????? (1979). [90] ? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???. [90]

?? 11 ???? 1978? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ??????? ??? 1980 ?? " ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????".

? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????. ??????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? 1980? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 1967 ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? . ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. [125] ??? 1981? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????. ? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? 1990 ?1994? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? %. [126]

?? 7 ????? 1981? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? 1982? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. [90] ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???????? - ???? ????? - ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? "????????? ???????" ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ? ??? 1985? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1986? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 2000? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? . ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? 1987? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????. [127] ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1991? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? . ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [128]

????? ????? (????) ?? ???? ????? (???) ?????? ???? ??? ?????? (????)? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? 1994

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ? [129] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? [130] ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. [131] ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1999 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 2000 . ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? . ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 90% ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. [132] ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????.

????? ?? 21

???? ????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? 2001? ???? ????? ???? 21 ????????

?? ????? ??? 2000? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? . ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????. [133] ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. [134] ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? 2001 . ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??? 2000 ?2008? ????? 1063 ???????? ?5517 ??????? ?64 ????? ?????. [135] 

??? 2006? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???.
[136]
  ? ??? 2007? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ? ??? 2008? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 
????
 ? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? 2008-2009 ???? 3 ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????.   ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? . ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????.  ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????  ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???  ???  2012? ?????? ?????? ????.  ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??  ????? 2014.  ??? ???? 2021? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????? 11 ???.

????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? . ?? 7 ?????? 2023? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????.

????????? ???????

  ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? 29° ? 34° ???? ? ???? ??? 34° ? 36° ??? .

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? 1949 ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 1967) ????? 20,770 square kilometres (8,019 sq mi) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. [137] ??? ??????? ???? ??? (100 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 400 ???????? ?? ?????? ???????) ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? 22,072 square kilometres (8,522 sq mi) ? [138] ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ? 27,799 square kilometres (10,733 sq mi) . [139]

??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????. [140] ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 6,500 kilometres (4,039 mi) ?????? ??????? ?????? . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? . ????? ? ?? "????? ??????" ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 38 ?? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? 4 ????? ????? ????: ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? . [141] ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 2019 ?????? ???? 4.14/10? ??? ????? ???? ??????? 135 ????? ?? ??? 172 ????. [142]

????????? ????????

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? (DSF). ???? DSF ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? . ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 749 ? 1033 . ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1033 ???? ?????? ????? M? ~7.4. [143]

????

???? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ''???? ?????'' (???) ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????????

???????? ????????

??? ???? ??????? ?? 9,656,000 ????? . ??? 2022? ???? ??????? ??????? 73.6% ?? ?????? ????? ?21.1% ?? ?????? ???? ?5.3% "?????" (????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????). ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? 166.000 ?203.000. ? ?????/?????? 2012? ??? ????? 60 ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? 93% ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????. 90% ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????

???????

??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 1918 ? ??????? ?? 77 ??? ????? ??????.

?? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ( 3% ) ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?60%.

??? ????? ???????
??? ??????? :   ???   ·   ?????   ·   ????   ·   ???????   ·   ??????
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??? ???? :   ????   ·   ??????   ·   ???????   ·   ??????   ·   ?????   ·   ?????

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  1. ↑   تعديل قيمة خاصية مُعرِّف علاقة على خريطة الشَّارع المَفتُوحة (OSM) (P402) في ويكي بيانات {{ cite web }} : Empty citation ( help )
  2. ↑ The World Factbook ? ????? ???????: 9 ?????? 2015 ? ??????: ????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????: ????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????
  3. ↑ ????? ?????? ?????? ??: http://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Documents/yesod2.pdf ? ??????? : ??? ????: ??????? ???? ?????
  4. ↑ https://knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=13979
  5. ↑ Akram, Susan M., Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, and Iain Scobbie, eds.
  6. ↑ The Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament . United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 (20 August 1980; 14?0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem (see ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. ). See Status of Jerusalem for more information.
  7. ↑ Fischbach 2008 .
  8. ↑ Fischbach 2008 , p. 26?27.
  9. ↑ Tens of thousands of Jews in Arab countries left their homes because of the 1948 war as well, pushed by a combination of anti-Semitic feeling and legislation, religious feeling, Zionist activity, economic factors, the end of colonial rule, and other reasons.The decision to leave varied by circumstance, as well as by country and social class. Approximately 260,000 Jews from the Arab world moved to Israel during and immediately after the war. [8]
  10. ↑ "How Israel's electoral system works - CNN.com" . CNN International . Retrieved 2021-10-14 .
  11. ↑ "Israel's accession to the OECD" . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 12 August 2012 .
  12. ↑ T. O. I. staff. "Israel's population rises to over 9.3 million on Rosh Hashanah eve" . Times of Israel (in ?????????? ?????????) . Retrieved 2021-10-14 .
  13. ↑ One Day that Shook the world Archived 12 ????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post , 30 April 1998, by Elli Wohlgelernter
  14. ↑ William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife?
  15. ↑ Geoffrey W. Bromiley, 'Israel,' in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E?J, Wm.
  16. ↑ R.L. Ottley, The Religion of Israel: A Historical Sketch, Cambridge University Press, 2013 pp. 31?32 note 5.
  17. ↑ "And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." ( ??????? , 32:28, 35:10).
  18. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. .
  19. ↑ Tchernov, Eitan (1988). "The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant". Paleorient . 14 (2): 63?65. doi : 10.3406/paleo.1988.4455 .
  20. ↑ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (7 December 1998). "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF) . Evolutionary Anthropology . 6 (5): 159?177. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 .
  21. ↑ Steiglitz, Robert (1992). "Migrations in the Ancient Near East" . Anthropological Science . 3 (101): 263 . Retrieved 12 June 2020 .
  22. ↑ Jonathan M Golden, Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction, OUP, 2009 pp. 3?4.
  23. ↑ Braunstein, Susan L. (2011). "The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Far?ah (South)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 364 (364): 1?36. doi : 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001 . JSTOR   10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001 .
  24. ↑ Dever, William G. Beyond the Texts , Society of Biblical Literature Press, 2017, pp. 89?93
  25. ↑ S. Richard, "Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism", The Biblical Archaeologist (1987)
  26. ↑ Knapp, A. Bernard; Manning, Sturt W. (2016-01-01). "Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean". American Journal of Archaeology . 120 (1): 130. doi : 10.3764/aja.120.1.0099 . ISSN   0002-9114 .
  27. ↑ K.L. Noll, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, A&C Black, 2012, rev.ed.
  28. ↑ Thomas L. Thompson , Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources, Brill, 2000 pp. 275?276:
  29. ↑ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200?1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6?7).
  30. ↑ Rendsberg, Gary (2008).
  31. ↑ Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages , Routledge, pp. 145?173, ISBN   978-0-415-05767-7
  32. ↑ Killebrew 2005 .
  33. ↑ Shahin 2005 .
  34. ↑ Faust 2015 .
  35. ↑ Redmount 2001 .
  36. ↑ Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). "David, King of Judah (Not Israel)" . The Bible and Interpretation . Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 . Retrieved 15 May 2021 .
  37. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel, (2020).
  38. ↑ The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995 Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734?733, are the earliest published to date."
  39. ↑ ? ? Finkelstein & Silberman 2002 .
  40. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel (2011-11-01). "Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria". Tel Aviv . 38 (2): 194?207. doi : 10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 . ISSN   0334-4355 .
  41. ↑ ? ? Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992).
  42. ↑ Lipschits, Oded (1999). "The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule". Tel Aviv . 26 (2): 155?190. doi : 10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155 . ISSN   0334-4355 .
  43. ↑ Wheeler, P. (2017). "Review of the book Song of Exile: The Enduring Mystery of Psalm 137, by David W. Stowe". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly . 79 (4): 696?697. doi : 10.1353/cbq.2017.0092 .
  44. ↑ "British Museum ? Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605?594 BCE)" . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 .
  45. ↑ "ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) ? Livius" . www.livius.org . Archived from the original on 5 May 2019 . Retrieved 26 March 2020 .
  46. ↑ ? ? "Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE) Persian Rule" . Biu.ac.il . Retrieved 15 March 2014 .
  47. ↑ Harper's Bible Dictionary , ed.
  48. ↑ Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Romern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1?21
  49. ↑ Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology (in ??????????). 34 (2): 585?607. doi : 10.1017/S1047759421000271 . ISSN   1047-7594 . Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70?136CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
  50. ↑ Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili.
  51. ↑ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN   978-0-674-39731-6 , page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
  52. ↑ Ariel Lewin.
  53. ↑ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History .
  54. ↑ ? ? ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? :02
  55. ↑ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). "Palestine" . Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 .
  56. ↑ Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, Brill, 2001, p. 155
  57. ↑ The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World by Catherine Nixey 2018
  58. ↑ ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? :3
  59. ↑ Bar, Doron (2003). "The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History . 54 (3): 401?421. doi : 10.1017/s0022046903007309 . ISSN   0022-0469 . The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.
  60. ↑ "Roman Palestine" . www.britannica.com . Encyclopedia Britannica.
  61. ↑ ? ? ???-?????, ?????; Levy-Rubin, Milka (2006). "The Influence of the Muslim Conquest on the Settlement Pattern of Palestine during the Early Muslim Period / ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???-????? ?????? ???????? ??????". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / ?????: ??????? ??? ????? ??????? (121): 53?78. ISSN   0334-4657 . JSTOR   23407269 .
  62. ↑ ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? :Ellenblum20102
  63. ↑ Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 236 (236): 1?10. doi : 10.2307/1356664 . ISSN   0003-097X . JSTOR   1356664 .
  64. ↑ Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol.
  65. ↑ "Palestine ? Ottoman rule" . www.britannica.com . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .
  66. ↑ Macalister and Masterman, 1906, p. 40
  67. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. "Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ..."
  68. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
  69. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  70. ↑ "Chapter One" . The Jewish Agency for Israel1 . 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 .
  71. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. .
  72. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  73. ↑ "The Covenant of the League of Nations" . Article 22 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 .
  74. ↑ "Mandate for Palestine," Encyclopaedia Judaica , Vol.
  75. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. .
  76. ↑ "League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922" . Modern History Sourcebook . 24 July 1922 . Retrieved 27 August 2007 .
  77. ↑ "Report to the League of Nations on Palestine and Transjordan, 1937" . British Government. 1937. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 .
  78. ↑ Hughes, M (2009). "The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936?39" (PDF) . English Historical Review . CXXIV (507): 314?354. doi : 10.1093/ehr/cep002 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2016.
  79. ↑ Levenberg, Haim (1993).
  80. ↑ Khalidi, Walid (1987).
  81. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945.
  82. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  83. ↑ "Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine" . United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 .
  84. ↑ Avneri, Aryeh L. (1984).
  85. ↑ Stein, Kenneth W. (1987) [Original in 1984].
  86. ↑ 'As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country . In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine's 16 sub-districts- Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour.
  87. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Morris 2008 .
  88. ↑ Matthews, John: Israel-Palestine land division
  89. ↑ 'Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II)
  90. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Bregman 2002 .
  91. ↑ Hoffman, Bruce: Anonymous Soldiers (2015)
  92. ↑ ??????? ???? ???????: ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? | ???? ??? ??? ???? | ?? ?? ????? 2007 | ?. 27
  93. ↑ ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? 2003 ?. 181
  94. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
  95. ↑ ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? 1945-1951: ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? 1986? ?. 430
  96. ↑ ? ? ? Clarke, Thurston . "????? ??????"? ?.?. ???? ??????? ??? ????? 1981
  97. ↑ ? ? Bethell, Nicholas (1979). ???? ?????? . Andre Deutsch.
  98. ↑ "A/364" . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . United Nations. 3 ?????? 1947. Archived from the original on 10 ????? 2012 . Retrieved 12 ????? 2012 .
  99. ↑ ??????? ????: ???? ??????? (2015)
  100. ↑ "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel" . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 May 1948. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 .
  101. ↑ Clifford, Clark, "Counsel to the President: A Memoir", 1991, p. 20.
  102. ↑ 'The entry into (the) war of the Arab countries poses a complex legal problem. The crossing of the borders can constitute an act of aggression or a threat against peace, justifying a condemnation and an intervention by the United Nations, but if the armies penetrate only the Arab part of the partition plan, they can be considered as called on (to do so) by the population and at this stage their intervention would not in itself be a threat against the peace. That would only start were the Jewish part attacked. Now, the Arab armies do directly threaten Jewish territory at certain points while in others the Jews have already largely taken up positions in Arab territory. ('L'entree en guerre des pays arabes pose un problem juridique complexe.
  103. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  104. ↑ "PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745: 15 May 1948" . Un.org. 9 September 2002. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 .
  105. ↑ "????? ???? ?????? - ????? ????? ??????" . lib.cet.ac.il .
  106. ↑ "Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting" . The United Nations. 11 May 1949. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2007 .
  107. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  108. ↑ "Israel (Labor Zionism)" . Country Studies . Retrieved 12 February 2010 .
  109. ↑ Segev, Tom.
  110. ↑ Laskier, Michael "Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956?70" pp. 573?619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31, Issue # 3, July 1995 p. 579.
  111. ↑ "Population, by Religion" . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 .
  112. ↑ Clive Jones, Emma Murphy, Israel: Challenges to Identity, Democracy, and the State, Routledge 2002 p. 37: "Housing units earmarked for the Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants; Consigning Oriental Jews to the privations of ma'aborot (transit camps) for longer periods."
  113. ↑ ? ? ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  114. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  115. ↑ ? ? ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  116. ↑ Schoenherr, Steven (15 December 2005). "The Suez Crisis" . Retrieved 31 May 2013 .
  117. ↑ Bascomb 2009 .
  118. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. .
  119. ↑ Shlomo Shpiro (2006). "No place to hide: Intelligence and civil liberties in Israel". Cambridge Review of International Affairs . 19 (44): 629?648. doi : 10.1080/09557570601003361 .
  120. ↑ "The Battle of the Letters, 1963: John F. Kennedy, David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and the U.S. Inspections of Dimona | National Security Archive" . 29 April 2019.
  121. ↑ "The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East", by Richard B. Parker (1993 Indiana University Press) p. 38
  122. ↑ "Agranat Commission" . Knesset. 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 .
  123. ↑ Bregman 2002 , pp. 169?170.
  124. ↑ "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ..." [123]
  125. ↑ Lustick, Ian (1997). "Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?" . Middle East Policy . V (1): 34?45. doi : 10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x . ISSN   1061-1924 . OCLC   4651987544 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 .
  126. ↑ Friedberg, Rachel M. (November 2001). "The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market" (PDF) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 116 (4): 1373?1408. doi : 10.1162/003355301753265606 .
  127. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????. .
  128. ↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
  129. ↑ Bregman 2002 , p. 257.
  130. ↑ Hanne Eggen Røislien, '????? ?? ???????: ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????' [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002002611/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/ 14 Archived 2015-10-02 at the Wayback Machine ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? 1 (2) 2007? ??????? ?? 169 ?184.
  131. ↑ "????? ??? ????" . U.S. ????? ???????? . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????? ??????= ignored ( help )
  132. ↑ ????:Harvard cition no ?????
  133. ↑ Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2007).
  134. ↑ Gross, Tom (16 January 2014). "The big myth: that he caused the Second Intifada" . Retrieved 22 April 2016 .
  135. ↑ "Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead" " . B'Tselem . Retrieved 14 January 2017 .
  136. ↑ "Security Council Calls for End to Hostilities between Hizbollah, Israel, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1701 (2006)" . United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 . 11 August 2006.
  137. ↑ "Israel" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 January 2017 .
  138. ↑ "Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes" . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 .
  139. ↑ "Israel (Geography)" . Country Studies . 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 .
  140. ↑ "The Coastal Plain" . Israel Ministry of Tourism. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 .
  141. ↑ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" . BioScience . 67 (6): 534?545. doi : 10.1093/biosci/bix014 . ISSN   0006-3568 . PMC   5451287 . PMID   28608869 .
  142. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity ? Supplementary Material" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode : 2020NatCo..11.5978G . doi : 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 . ISSN   2041-1723 . PMC   7723057 . PMID   33293507 .
  143. ↑ Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 260 (3?4): 394?406. Bibcode : 2007E&PSL.260..394F . doi : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049 .


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