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?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ? ????? ??????? ????????? (753-509 ??? ???????) ?????????? ????????? (509-27 ??? ???????) ????????????? ????????? (27 ??? ??????? - 476 ?) ??? ???? ???????????? ???????. ^[1] ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? 753 ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? .???? ????????? ? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ( Magna Grecia ) ? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? 50?90 ????? ????? ? ????? ?? 20? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??. ^[a] ??? ???? ????? 5 million square kilometres (1.9 × 10 ^ ⁶ sq mi) ?? ???? ??? 117 ?. ^[2]

???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? .

????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? res publica code: lat promoted to code: la ? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? (?? 27 ??? ???????) ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????. ??? 92 ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????????. ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? . ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????.

???? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[b] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1453 ?. ^[c]

??????? ??????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ]

???? ??????? ?? ??????? c. ?4000 ??? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????? c. ?2000 ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ^[4] ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? Latium - ???? ??????? ????????? - ?? ????? ?????? c. ?1000 ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ^[4] ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ^[4] ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[4] ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? - ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? . ^[4]

??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? . ^[4] ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??????? 753 ??? ???????. ^[4]

?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[5] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ^[4]

?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? 300 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????35000 ????? . ^[4] ??? ??? ? ????? ? c. ?625 BC ? ^[4] ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? . ^[4] ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ^[4] ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[4] ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? - Jus Latii - ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ^[4]

??????? [ ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????. ^[4] ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????. ^[4] ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????: ?????? . ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? "?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????". ^[4] ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[4]

??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????????? ????????? c. ?509 BC ? ^[6] ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? Tarquin the Proud ? ??? ??? Lucius Junius Brutus ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[7] ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[8] ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????. ^[9]

???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?? ???? . ^[10] ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? comitia centuriata (??????? ????????) ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ? comitia tributa (??????? ???????) ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ^[8]

?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ?? 16 ????? 390 ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????????????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? 1000 ???? ?? ?????. ^[11] ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? "??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????". ^[12]

???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ?????????? . ^[13] ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 281 ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? . ^[14] ^[13] ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ^[13]

?????? ????????? [ ????? ]

?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????: ????? . ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? . ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????. . ^[15] ^[16]

??? ?? ???? ??????? [ ????? ]

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???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? - Quora (??????????)
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????? [ ????? ]

↑ "ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History" (in en). Encyclopædia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome . Retrieved 5 September 2017 .
↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History . 3 (3/4): 125. doi : 10.2307/1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 .

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. doi : 10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 . ISSN 1076-156X .
↑ Cartwright, Mark (19 September 2018). "Byzantine Empire" . World History Encyclopedia . http://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Empire .
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Boatwright 2012 .
↑ ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.
↑ Cornell 1995 .
↑ Matyszak 2003 .
↑ ^? ^? Adkins & Adkins 1998 .
↑ Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "Rome: The Roman Republic" . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
↑ Magistratus by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723?724 of A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
↑ These are literally Roman librae , from which the pound is derived.
↑ [1] Plutarch, Parallel Lives , Life of Camillus , XXIX, 2.
↑ ^? ^? ^? Haywood 1971 .
↑ Pyrrhus of Epirus (2) Archived 14 ????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine and Pyrrhus of Epirus (3) Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
↑ Goldsworthy 2006 .
↑ Miles 2011 .

?????? ???: <ref> ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? "lower-alpha", ?? ????? ??????? ???? <references group="lower-alpha"/> ?????

[1] "ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History" (in en). Encyclopædia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome . Retrieved 5 September 2017 .

[:0-3] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History . 3 (3/4): 125. doi : 10.2307/1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 .

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. doi : 10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 . ISSN 1076-156X .

[5] Cartwright, Mark (19 September 2018). "Byzantine Empire" . World History Encyclopedia . http://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Empire .

[FOOTNOTEBoatwright2012-7] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Boatwright 2012 .

[8] ???: ??????? "harvard_citation_no_bracket" ??? ??????.

[FOOTNOTECornell1995-9] Cornell 1995 .

[FOOTNOTEMatyszak2003-10] Matyszak 2003 .

[FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins1998-11] ? ^? Adkins & Adkins 1998 .

[12] Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "Rome: The Roman Republic" . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.

[Lacus-13] Magistratus by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723?724 of A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.

[14] These are literally Roman librae , from which the pound is derived.

[15] [1] Plutarch, Parallel Lives , Life of Camillus , XXIX, 2.

[FOOTNOTEHaywood1971-16] ? ^? ^? Haywood 1971 .

[17] Pyrrhus of Epirus (2) Archived 14 ????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine and Pyrrhus of Epirus (3) Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

[FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006-18] Goldsworthy 2006 .

[FOOTNOTEMiles2011-19] Miles 2011 .

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