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??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4] ???? ????? ????? ??????? (????? ≪??????≫ ?? ≪??????≫)? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ≪????? ????? ???????? ≫? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 7 ????? 1947 ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? . ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1952 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? 1954. ??? ? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 1961.

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↑ ^? ^? ??????: Mohammed Shafi Agwani ? ??????? : The Ba?th: A Study in Contemporary Arab Politics ? ??????: 3 ? ??????: 6 ? ?????: 1 ? ??? ??: International Studies ? https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088176100300102
↑ "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? universalis.fr" . universalis.fr.
↑ "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com.
↑ "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? idref.fr" . idref.fr.

[ddd0603d02068cadc597c294dcb7b566e265e638-1] ? ^? ??????: Mohammed Shafi Agwani ? ??????? : The Ba?th: A Study in Contemporary Arab Politics ? ??????: 3 ? ??????: 6 ? ?????: 1 ? ??? ??: International Studies ? https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088176100300102

[2] "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? universalis.fr" . universalis.fr.

[3] "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com.

[4] "??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? idref.fr" . idref.fr.

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