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????? ????? 200
????? ??????? 1040
??? ???? 1430
??? ??????? ????? ?1440
????? ?. ?1515
??? ?????? 1642
????? ????? [??????????] 1690
????? ?????? 1772
????? ????? 1796
????? ????? ????? 1837
??? ??????? ??????? 1843
????? ??????? 1860
??????? ??????? ??? ???????? 1875
????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 1884
????? ???? 1885
????? ?????? ????? [??????????] 1889
??? ?????????? 1907
????? ?????? ???????? 1911
????? ?????? 1923
????? ????? 1925
????? ??? 1938
????? ???????? ????? 1940
????? ???? 1949
????? ?????? ????? [??????????] 1950
????? ????? ?????? 1957
????? ??????? 1969
????? ?????? ?. ?1972
??? ??? 1972
????? ????????? ??????? [??????????] 1981
????? ?????? ??????? 1986
????? ????? 1991

??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? [1] ?? ???? ??? ????????? [1] ?? ???? ??? ??????? ( ??????????? : Mimeograph ?? Stencil duplicator )?? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? [2] ?? ????? ??????? [2] ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? . [3]

???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????.

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???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? -???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????- ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???:

???????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? (????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????): [4]

???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1874? ????? ????? ??? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? -???? ????? ???? ??????- ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? [5] [6] ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1895? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. [7]

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 180,857? ?? 8 ????? 1876? [8] ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1880? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 224,665 ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????: ≪????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????≫? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???. [9]

?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? [10] ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1887. [11]

??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 0356815 ?????? ≪????????≫ ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. [12] (≪?????????≫ ?? ≪??? ?????≫ ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????.)

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (1988)? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????: ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????)? ??????: ??? ??????? ?. 1072? OCLC : 22907571 ? QID : Q123597272
  2. ^ ? ? ???? ???? ?????? (2018). ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????: ??????? - ???? ???? ??????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 501. ISBN : 978-9953-33-197-3 . OCLC : 1043304467 . OL : 19871709M . QID : Q12244028 .
  3. ^ "Mimeograph - Definition of Mimeograph by Merriam-Webster" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-14.
  4. ^ David Owen (2008) Copies in Seconds , page 42, ?????? ?????? , Google book preview ???? ?????? 2020-02-29 ?? Wayback Machine
  5. ^ 1878: Library Journal 3:390 Advertisement via Google Books ???? ?????? 2020-02-18 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Antique Copying Machines from Office Museum ???? ?????? 2020-01-12 ?? Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Eugenic de Zuccato (1895) Patent US548116 Improvement for stencils from typewriting ???? ?????? 2016-04-12 ?? Wayback Machine
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180205025553/http://edison.rutgers.edu:80/patents/00180857.PDF . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-02-05. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  9. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160923001029/http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00224665.PDF . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-09-23. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  10. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055344/http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=CA035A . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160728042043/http://edison.rutgers.edu:80/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=LB024149 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-28. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  12. ^ "mimeograph. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-09-08.
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