한국   대만   중국   일본 
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???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? [1] ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ????? عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

??????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Treaty of Lausanne )? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ≪ ??????? ?????? ???????? ≫ ?????? ??????? ???? ???? 1912? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Lausanne Conference of 22?1923 )? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? / ?????? ?????? ??? ???? 1922? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? -?????????? ???????? (???? ≪????? ?????????≫ ????? ???????? ??????)? ??????? ??????? (????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? 1922? )? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? / ????? ?? ?????? 1923? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ( ???????? : ?smet ?nonu )? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ( ??????????? : Curzon )? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? / ???? 1923? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ( ??????????? : Treaty of Sevres )? ????? 1920? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? .

???? ?????? ≪ ??????? ?????? ≫ ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Thrace )? ???????? (?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????) ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? "????? ????" . [2] ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? . [3]

?????????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? .

????? ??????? ????? ( ??????????? : Treaty of Sevres )? (????? 10 ?????/?? 1920? ) ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? (?? ?????? ????????????? ) ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?

??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? . [4]

????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? (???? 4 ?????/???? 1918? ??? 1 ??????/?????? ?????? 1922? ) ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? . ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? "????????? ????????? ???????" ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????.

??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ≪ ?????????? ????? ≫ ????? 1921? ? ???????? ??? ???????? . [4]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ) ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? (???? ??? 19 ??????? / ?????? ?????? 1922? ??? 3 ????? / ????? 1924? ) ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????.

???? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????????
????? [5]
??????? ??????? ???????
??????? ( ????? ?????????? ) - ??? ?????? 28 ??? ?? ???: "????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????. [6]
?????????
????????

??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? (????? 270.000 ?? ??? ?????)? [7] ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????? 129.120 ?? ??? 1923). [8] ???? ?????? 14 ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? (????????) ???????? (???????) ≪ ????? ?????? ???? ≫? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 17 ?????? 1926 .

??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 1878? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????). ??? ???????? ???????-???? (?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ≪????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????≫ ?? ??? 1882? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????) ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 5 ?????? 1914. [3] ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 2 ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1912 ??? ????? ????????? ??????? (1911-1912). [9] [10]

???? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ??? 143 ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 1936? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. [11]

???? ?????? ????? [12]
????? ?????
????????
?????? I ?????? ????????
?????? II ?????? ???????
?????? III ?????? ??????????
?????? IV ????????? ???????? ??????
?????? V ????? ??????
?????? IV. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????
?????? V ????????? ????????
?????? VI ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????
?????? VII ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????
?????? VIII ????? ????? ??????
?????? IX ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????
?????? X ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? XI ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? XII ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????
?????? XIII ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? XIV ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????
?????? XV ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????
?????? XVI ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? 10 ????? 1920 ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
?????? XVII ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? - ????????? - ??????????

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? (1311??/1893?) ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? (????) ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? .
?????? ??????? (???????) ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? .

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? (??????? ???????? ?????)? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (24) ???? ???) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? (??????? ????????) (????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? 1878? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ).

??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? (?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? )? ????????? (????? ???? ?????? ?????????-?????? ???????) (??????? ???????? ?????)? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? (?????? ??? ??????? ?? ≪??????? ????????≫ ?? ≪ ??????? ???? ≫ ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1912? ) ?????? ???? ≪??????? ???????? ?????????≫ ??? ≪ ??????? ?????? ≫ ????? 1923? . [3]

??? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? (20 ???????? / ?????? ????? 1921? ) ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? - ???????? ?? ????????? (??????? ???????? - ?????? ??????) [3] ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? (?? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ) ????? ????? ?????? -???? ????- ???????? ( ???????? : Vilayet )? ????? ????? ????? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??² ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? .

??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? (??????? ???????? - ?????? ??????). [3] ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? (????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????). [13]

????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? 1914? ?1920? ??????? ( ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????)
???? ????? ( ??² )
1914 ????????????? ?????????? 1,589,540 ??? 2 (613,724 ??? 2 )
1920 ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????
????????????? ??????????
175,000 ??? 2 (453,000 ??? 2 ) 		???????
62,000 ??? 2 (160,000 ??? 2 ) 		????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? ???????
140,000 ??? 2 (350,000 ??? 2 ) 		??????
140,000 ??? 2 (370,000 ??? 2 ) 		??????
100,000 ??? 2 (260,000 ??? 2 ) 		????
35,000 ??? 2 (91,000 ??? 2 ) 		?????
73,000 ??? 2 (190,000 ??? 2 )
??????
????? (????? ??? ≪ ????????? ????????? ?????????? ≫
(???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? 50,000 ??²) ???? 1920? ?
?≪ ????? ????????? ≫ (4800 ??²) ???? 1939? )
301,380 ??? 2 (780,580 ??? 2 ). 		???????
(??? ???????? ??????? ?????). 		????? ???????? (?????? ???? ???? 1939? " ????? ????????? " 4800 ??²)
71,500 ??? 2 (185,180 ??? 2 )? ? ??????
4,100 ??? 2 (10,500 ??? 2 )? ? ???????
34,000 ??? 2 (89,000 ??? 2 )? ? ???????
10,000 ??? 2 (27,000 ??? 2 ). 		??????
169,000 ??? 2 (437,000 ??? 2 ). 		??????
(????? ??? ????????? ?????? 24- 1925? ). 		????
(????? ??? ????????? ???? 1932? ). 		?????? (??? ???? ?????? ????????? 337,000 ??² ???? ???? ???? 1990? )
204,000 ??? 2 (528,000 ??? 2 ).

??????? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????: ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????

?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ( ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? 1923 )? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

?????? ????? ????????? (????????)? ?????????? (????????)? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ( ???????? : Gelibolu )? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? (15-1916) ?? ????????.

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ??????

?? ??????? ??? ??????? / ????? 1923? -?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????- ?????? ????? ???????? -???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? - ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? (???? ??? ???? ?????? ) ????????? (???? ??? ???? ????? ) ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. [14] ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? [?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ≪???????≫ ???? ????? ????? ?????? ]. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ≪????? ???? ???????≫ ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ( ??????????? : The Straits Question )? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? . ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ≪????? ???????≫. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? 24 ????? 1923 ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [15]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????-???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????????? ????????-??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? (30) ??? ?????? / ?????? ?????? ????? 1923? ?? ??????) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? [?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????]? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??≪????≫. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? -??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????- ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? . [16]

[??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1860? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ≪ ???????? ???????? ≫)? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????].

?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????.

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ???????? ≪ ???? ??? ????? ≫ ?????? ??????? ≪ ??????? ?????? .. ??????? ??? ??????! ≫ ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? -????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. [17]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ NDL law ID: 0000019088 .
  2. ^ ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? 1991 ???? ?????? 2015-05-03 ?? Wayback Machine
  3. ^ ? ? ? ? Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) ???? ?????? 2018-04-12 ?? Wayback Machine
  4. ^ ? ? Hanioglu? M. Sukru (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire . Princeton University Press.
  5. ^ Mango, Andrew (2002). Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey . Overlook Press . ?.  388 . ISBN : 1-58567-334-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-07.
  6. ^ In addition to Turkey, the ???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? and the ????? ?????????? were parties to the Treaty.
  7. ^ The Greek minority of Turkey ? Hellenic Resources Network ???? ?????? 2021-02-24 ?? Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Oksuz 2004 ? 255 [ ????? ?????? ]
  9. ^ James Barros, The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations , Princeton University Press, 1965 (reprinted 2015), ( ???? 1400874610 ), p. 69
  10. ^ Treaty of Ouchy (1912), also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne ???? ?????? 2021-02-25 ?? Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "???? ?????? ??????? ????? 1923 ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????" . ?????? ?????? ???????? . 17 ????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-22 .
  12. ^ "Treaty Summary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-26.
  13. ^ Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive ???? ?????? 2021-01-08 ?? Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Othman? Ali (2006). "The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, 1922-23". Middle East Studies . ?. 33.
  15. ^ MacFie? A.J. (1979). "The Straits Question: The Conference of Lausanne (November 1922-July 1923)". Middle East Studies . Taylor and Francis Ltd. ?. 15.
  16. ^ Gerwarth? Robert (2016). The Vanquished . New York: Allen Lane. ?.  246 . ISBN : 9780374282455 .
  17. ^ ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-10 ?? Wayback Machine

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