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????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ≪???????≫. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.

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??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

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1- ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ( ????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ). ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?? ????? 4 ? ? ?? ????? ??? 3600 ? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? (??????? ???????? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.

2- ??? : ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? 700 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? (?? ???? ?????) ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? (??????? ???????) ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.

3- ?????? ????????: ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? 22 ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? (??? ????) ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 10 ? ?.

≪?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? [?? ?????? ?????????]≫ ? ???????

??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Haas, Christina. (1996). Writing technology: Studies on the materiality of literacy . Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
^ Smith? Dorothy E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ?. 105?108 . ISBN : 978-0-7591-0502-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-16.
^ Wells? H. G. (1922). A Short History of the World . ?. 41.
^ Anderson, Jack. (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge." In Handbook of Research on Writing, ed. Charles Bazerman, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 177-190.
^ Green? M.W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System" . Visible Language . ?. 15.4: 345?372. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07.
^ Chandler? Daniel (1990). "Do the write thing?". Electric Word . ?. 17: 27?30.
^ Chandler? Daniel (1992). "The phenomenology of writing by hand". Intelligent Tutoring Media . ?. 3 ?. 2/3: 65?74. DOI : 10.1080/14626269209408310 .
^ Chandler? Daniel (1993). "Writing strategies and writers' tools". English Today: The International Review of the English Language . ?. 9 ?. 2: 32?38. DOI : 10.1017/S0266078400000341 .
^ Chandler? Daniel (1994). "Who needs suspended inscription?". Computers and Composition . ?. 11 ?. 3: 191?201. DOI : 10.1016/8755-4615(94)90012-4 .
^ Chandler? Daniel (1995). The Act of Writing: A Media Theory Approach . Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????

[1] Haas, Christina. (1996). Writing technology: Studies on the materiality of literacy . Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

[2] Smith? Dorothy E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ?. 105?108 . ISBN : 978-0-7591-0502-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-16.

[3] Wells? H. G. (1922). A Short History of the World . ?. 41.

[4] Anderson, Jack. (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge." In Handbook of Research on Writing, ed. Charles Bazerman, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 177-190.

[5] Green? M.W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System" . Visible Language . ?. 15.4: 345?372. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07.

[6] Chandler? Daniel (1990). "Do the write thing?". Electric Word . ?. 17: 27?30.

[7] Chandler? Daniel (1992). "The phenomenology of writing by hand". Intelligent Tutoring Media . ?. 3 ?. 2/3: 65?74. DOI : 10.1080/14626269209408310 .

[8] Chandler? Daniel (1993). "Writing strategies and writers' tools". English Today: The International Review of the English Language . ?. 9 ?. 2: 32?38. DOI : 10.1017/S0266078400000341 .

[9] Chandler? Daniel (1994). "Who needs suspended inscription?". Computers and Composition . ?. 11 ?. 3: 191?201. DOI : 10.1016/8755-4615(94)90012-4 .

[10] Chandler? Daniel (1995). The Act of Writing: A Media Theory Approach . Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru.

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