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??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ^[1] ( 652 - 685 )? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 668 - 685 . ^[2]^[3]^[4] ??? ???????????? ??? 652 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 654 ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

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?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? 668 ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ??? 669 ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? 672 ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 678 ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? . ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????.

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?? ??? 680 ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? .

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???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???:

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^ ??? ????? . ????? ??? ????? .
^ "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? viaf.org" . viaf.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-22.
^ "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? id.loc.gov" . id.loc.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-12.
^ "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? data.cerl.org" . data.cerl.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-12.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????? ??????

???? ?????? ??????	???????? ?????????? 668 ? 685	???? ??????? ??????

[خلدون-1] ??? ????? . ????? ??? ????? .

[2] "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? viaf.org" . viaf.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-22.

[3] "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? id.loc.gov" . id.loc.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-12.

[4] "??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? data.cerl.org" . data.cerl.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-12.

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??? ??????? 284?395	??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? Severus ???????? Maximinus Daia ???????? ?? Valerius Valens ?Martinianus ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? Vetranio ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????
???????????? ????????? ??????? 395?480	???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Joannes ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? Glycerius ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????
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?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? (451?1453)	????????? ???????? ????? ^[??????????] ??????? ^[??????????] ??????? ^[??????????] ???????? ^[??????????] ?????????? ?????? ^[??????????] ???????? ????? ^[??????????] ????? ?????? ????????? ^[??????????] ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[??????????] ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] ????? ????? ^[??????????] ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ^[??????????] ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ^[??????????] ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ^[??????????] ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] ???? ?????? ^[??????????] ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] ???????? ?????? ^[??????????]
?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? (1453-1923)	???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????
?????? ??????????? ?? ????? (1923 ??? ????)	???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????