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???? ??????	???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????
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??????	?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ‏ (1982?2005)
??????? ???????	??? ?????? ???????
???????
	????? ????? ?????? (1989) ; ??????? ?????????? ??????? ‏ (1987) ; ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? (1984) ; ???? ????????? ?????? ‏ (1977) ; ???? ??????? ; ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ; ????? ????????? ; ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ; ???? ????? ????? ; ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ‏
???????
IMDB	????? ??? IMDB
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ( 1921 - 26 ????? ?????? 1426 ?? / 1 ????? 2005 )? ^[6] ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? . ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? 21 ????? 1402 ?? ??????? 13 ????? 1982? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? . ???? ????? ?? ?????? 1995 ? ???? ??? 1997 ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[7]

???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1990 ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????? - ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? 11 ?????? 2001 ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ^[8]

???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[9]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? . ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1921 . ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???? . ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1969 . ^[10]

??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ≪? ????? ??????? ≫ ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? . ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? 1945 ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? 1953 . ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[11]

?????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1953 ??? ?????? ??????? . ^[12]
?? ??? 1962 ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? 1975 . ^[13]
?? ??? 1967 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? . ^[14]
?? 25 ???? 1975 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[15]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1975 ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???:

?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? .
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?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ????? ????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1980 . ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1981 . ^[16]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? 21 ????? 1402 ?? ??????? 13 ????? 1982 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[17]

?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? 1414 ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
???? ???? 1420 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? .
???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???.
?? 30 ?????? ?? ??? 1984 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? .
?????? ???? ??? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 480 ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ≪??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????≫ ????? ??? . ^[18]
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???????.
????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????.
???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 500 ??? ?? ?????.
??? ???????? ???????? ??? 11.3% ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? 3.3 ????? ?? ?????.
????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 500 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 27 ???? ???????.
??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 2183 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? 95.6 ????? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 14 ????? ?? ?????.
??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 16797 ????? ???????.
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 24673 ????? ????.
???? ???????? ??????? ????? 17% ??????? 14996 ????? ????.
?????? ???? ??? ????? .
???? ??? ?????? ??????? 200 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? 500 ????? ??? ????. ^[19]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? 13 ?????? 1988 ? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? -61 ??? ?2 - ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 9 ???? ??????? 89 ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 18 ??? ?2 ??????? 4 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? 20 ??? ?2 ??????? 9 ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? 189 ??? ?2 ??????? 9 ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 450 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? (????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???) ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1100??? ?? ?????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? (85.800) ?2 ???? ???????? (195.000) ???. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? (356,000) ?2 ???? ?????? (773,000) ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? 18 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? 3 ????? ?????? ? 27 ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (89) ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? 375 ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? (15.000) ??? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 7? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? 492 ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? (??? ???????) ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? (30,178.181.775) ?????? ???????? ?? (165? 818? 316? 11) ?????. ^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? 6 ??? 1405 ?? ??????? 30 ?????? 1984 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1982 ??????? ??? 1984. ????? ???? ?????? ????????? 18 ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 361 ??????? ? 300 ????? ???? ??? ??? 2019. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? 1100 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[24]^[25]^[26]

?????? ?????? ??????? 1981 [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????

?????? ?????? ???????? 1981 ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????

???? ?????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? / ????? 1981 ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???:

≪?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????≫

. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? 7 ????? / ?? 1981 ? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??:

?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 1967 ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.
????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 1967.
???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.
???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????.
????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ^[27]

??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????:

≪????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ^[28]≫

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[29]

???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? . ??? 9 ????? / ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? . ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ^[30]

≪?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????≫

????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ^[31]? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ≪ ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ≫ ^[32] ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????: ≪ ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ≫.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 1989 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 16 ??? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1990 ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? . ^[33]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????:

?????? 1: ??????? ?????? ??????????: ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? . ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
?????? 2: ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.
?????? 3: ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????: ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 425 .
?????? 4: ???????? ????????? ???????: ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? 1991 ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 1975. ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ^[34]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ^[35] ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? CIA ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 30 ??? 40 ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? 1986 ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ≪???? ????????≫ ?? ?????? ?????? . ^[36]^[37] ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

?? ??? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[38]^[39] ??? 5 ????? ??? 1984 ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??-4 ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??-15 ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?????? 3 ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???. ^[40]^[41]^[42]

????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? (?? ?? - 3) ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???

???? ????? ?? ??? 1985 ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ^[43] ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????.

????? ??? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1986 ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??95 ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? 51 ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? . ^[44] ?? 31 ????? ??? 1987 ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? 402 ?????? 275 ????? ????????? 85 ??? ???? ?45 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ^[45] ??? ????? 1989 ? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? 16 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? 21 ?????? ( ????? ). ^[46]^[47]

???????? ?????? 1988 [ ??? ]

???????? ?????? 1988 ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 1988 ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? 1987 ?????? ?????? 1988 ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 3 ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? . ^[48]^[49]

??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1993 [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? 22 ?????? 1993 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 1992 ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ^[50] ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? . [1]

???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? 1997 - 2005 [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? 2000 ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1997 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? 2001 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? 1996 .

?????? ?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? .

???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ^[51] ??? ?????? 1989? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? . ^[52]

??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? 1990 ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ^[53]

???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1987? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????.

???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (1990-1991)? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ≪????≫ ?????? ?????? ???????? ≪????≫ ?????? ?????? ???????? ≪?????≫ ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2003 ? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ^[54]^[55]

??? ?????? ??????? 1990 [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? 9 ????? 1990 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ^[56]

???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ^[57]

???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? [ ??? ]

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???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? . ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? : ^[58]

??????? [ ??? ]

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??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? 1390-1389??? ?? ?????? 2,5% ???. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? 6,7% ?? ????.
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?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????:

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???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? . ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? 95 ????? ??????? ????:

16 ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
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20 ????? ??????

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?? ??? ?????? 19 ???? ????? 1426?? ??????? 27 ???? 2005 ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ^[59] ?? ??? ??????? 26 ????? ?????? 1426?? ??????? 1 ????? 2005 ^[60] ???? ????? ?????? 2:30 ??? ????? ????? ^[59] ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ^[59] ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? 27 ????? ?????? 1426 ?? ??????? 2 ????? 2005 ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? .

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?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 16 ?????? ??? 3 ?????? 2015 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 51.194. ^[63] ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 22 ???? ??? 2 ????? 2016 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 59.225. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? 11 ?????? ??? 26 ?????? 2019 ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? 32.169. ^[64]

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^ https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/fahd-b-abd-al-aziz-COM_40450 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20050801/ap_on_re_mi_ea/obit_fahd . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Fahd I d’Arabia Saudita (???????????), Grup Enciclopedia, QID : Q2664168
^ "Real Decreto 1525/1977, de 31 de mayo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Merito Civil a Su Alteza Real Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Principe Heredero de la Arabia Saudita" (PDF) . Boletin Oficial del Estado (??????????). 2 Jul 1977 . Retrieved 2017-11-27 .
^ https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/mar/14/british-honours-and-orders-of-chivalry . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "????? ????? ???? | ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-08 .
^ "????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "????? ??? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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^ "???? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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^ "????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "????? ??? ?? ????????? - ???? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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]} ???? ?????? 9 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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^ "??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-23. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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^ "??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-15. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-09. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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^ ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? 1981?? 357
^ ???? ????????? ????? 122_132?????? ??????? 1982? ?225_230
^ ????? ????? ?.?.? ????? ????????????? ?246.
^ ???? ????????? ?????119? ????? ?????1981? ?213_214
^ ???? ???? "?.?.? ????? ????????????"??245
^ ?????? ??????? ?245
^ Laura Etheredge (15 ????? 2011). Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan . The Rosen Publishing Group. ?. 151. ISBN : 978-1-61530-329-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-19 .
^ ?? ???????
^ Karsh, Efraim (25 ????? 2002). The Iran?Iraq War: 1980?1988 . Osprey Publishing. ?. 1 ?8, 12?16, 19?82. ISBN : 978-1841763712 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.
^ Cordesman? Anthony. "Lessons of Modern War: The Iran-Iraq War" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-04-15.
^ Tim Niblock,P.151
^ ????? ?????????..?? “?? ???” ??? “?? ?????” ? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ???? ????? ? ?????. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ - ???? ??????:???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? - ??????? - 26 - ???? - 2014 ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Smith, William E. "Pushing the Saudis too far." Time , 18 June 1984. Retrieved: 26 January 2008. ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Halloran, Richard. "2 Iranian fighters reported downed by Saudi Air Force." ??????? ????? , 6 June 1984, p. 1. Retrieved: 26 January 2008. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ????? ??? ? ????? ... ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? - ???? ????? ???? ?????? 09 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???????? ??????.. ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "According to official Saudi figures, 402 people died in the clash, including 275 Iranian pilgrims, 85 Saudi police, and 42 pilgrims from other countries." Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 190 ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ 9 ????? ??? ???? ??? 40 ???.. ?????? ????? "???????" ? ????????? ???? ???? . ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? 07 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????
^ - ???? ?????? ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ - ??????? ?? ?????? - ??????? ?? - 10 - ????? - 2011 ???? ?????? 28 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "No news -- good news?" . Al Ahram Weekly ?. 745. 2?8 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 3 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2013 .
^ A. Ehteshami (2002). "The foreign policy of Iran" (PDF) . ?? Lynne Rienner (??????). The foreign policies of Middle East states . Boulder, Co. ?. 283?290.
^ "Brief History of Syria" . Syrian Friendship Association . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-08-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-11 .
^ "???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-28. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-09. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ Marbella, a meeting point for the rich and famous | ???? ?????? 07 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????
^ ^? ^? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? abcnews
^ ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? alriyadh
^ ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-21. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-20. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "????? / ???? " ????? .. ??? ??????? " ???? ???????? ????? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-21. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

"Saudi Arabia" . ????? ???????? ????????? . 30 ?????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-06 . </ref> ^[1]^[1]^[2] }}

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????

???? ?????	????? ????? ????? ??? ??????	???? ????
???? ?? ????	???? ??????? 1373?? - 1382??	???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ?? ???? ?????	???? ???????? 1382 ?? - 1395 ??	???? ???? ?? ?????????
???? ???? ?? ?????????	??? ????? 1395 ?? - 1402 ??	???? ??????? ?? ?????????
???? ???? ?? ?????????	??? ??????? ??????? ???????? 1402 ?? - 1426 ??	???? ??????? ?? ?????????
???? ??? ?? ?????????	???? ???? ??????? ??????? 1414 ?? - 1425 ??	???? ????? ?? ?????????

^ ^? ^? "Saudi Arabia's King Fahd Dead" . ?? ?? ?? ???? . 1 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-06 .
^ "??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????" . ????? ?????? . 1 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-06 .

[wikidata-115b6aa5d0ef07ce5f236a71b551282ee0fd278d-1] ttps://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/fahd-b-abd-al-aziz-COM_40450 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-953e261e94c5a65e15f2e8c5f1a52a28ead60bef-2] ttp://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20050801/ap_on_re_mi_ea/obit_fahd . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-7c85d99407bd8da85d07ccb2b419e9e1cdc7e1a4-3] Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Fahd I d’Arabia Saudita (???????????), Grup Enciclopedia, QID : Q2664168

[wikidata-d5d653e15e9f279b806532f55961eba1d334a563-4] "Real Decreto 1525/1977, de 31 de mayo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Merito Civil a Su Alteza Real Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Principe Heredero de la Arabia Saudita" (PDF) . Boletin Oficial del Estado (??????????). 2 Jul 1977 . Retrieved 2017-11-27 .

[wikidata-f09bad2c3a2ec48a5bd76e55b432ac7faf549e94-5] ttps://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/mar/14/british-honours-and-orders-of-chivalry . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[6] "????? ????? ???? | ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-08 .

[7] "????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[8] "????? ??? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[9] "??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? 13 ????? 1982" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[10] "???? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[11] "???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[12] "????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-27. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[13] "????? ???????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-26. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[14] "??? ?? ??? ??????.. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-29. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[15] "????? ????? ????????.. ?? ???? ??? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-27. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[16] "????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[17] "????? ??? ?? ????????? - ???? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[18] ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 21 ?????? 2002? ??? ?? 22 ?????? 2010 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 9 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] "??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-26. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[20] "??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-23. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[21] "????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-04. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[22] "??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-15. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[23] "??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-09. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[24] "???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-26. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[25] "???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[26] "???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[27] ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? 1981?? 357

[28] ???? ????????? ????? 122_132?????? ??????? 1982? ?225_230

[29] ????? ????? ?.?.? ????? ????????????? ?246.

[30] ???? ????????? ?????119? ????? ?????1981? ?213_214

[31] ???? ???? "?.?.? ????? ????????????"??245

[32] ?????? ??????? ?245

[Etheredge2011-33] Laura Etheredge (15 ????? 2011). Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan . The Rosen Publishing Group. ?. 151. ISBN : 978-1-61530-329-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-19 .

[34] ?? ???????

[efraimkarsh-35] Karsh, Efraim (25 ????? 2002). The Iran?Iraq War: 1980?1988 . Osprey Publishing. ?. 1 ?8, 12?16, 19?82. ISBN : 978-1841763712 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.

[Cordesman_IX-36] Cordesman? Anthony. "Lessons of Modern War: The Iran-Iraq War" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-04-15.

[37] Tim Niblock,P.151

[38] ????? ?????????..?? “?? ???” ??? “?? ?????” ? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[39] ???? ???? ????? ? ?????. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[40] - ???? ??????:???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? - ??????? - 26 - ???? - 2014 ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[41] Smith, William E. "Pushing the Saudis too far." Time , 18 June 1984. Retrieved: 26 January 2008. ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[42] Halloran, Richard. "2 Iranian fighters reported downed by Saudi Air Force." ??????? ????? , 6 June 1984, p. 1. Retrieved: 26 January 2008. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[43] ????? ??? ? ????? ... ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? - ???? ????? ???? ?????? 09 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[RT80S-44] ???????? ??????.. ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[45] "According to official Saudi figures, 402 people died in the clash, including 275 Iranian pilgrims, 85 Saudi police, and 42 pilgrims from other countries." Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 190 ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[46] 9 ????? ??? ???? ??? 40 ???.. ?????? ????? "???????" ? ????????? ???? ???? . ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[47] ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? 07 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[48] ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????

[49] - ???? ?????? ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[50] - ??????? ?? ?????? - ??????? ?? - 10 - ????? - 2011 ???? ?????? 28 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[51] "No news -- good news?" . Al Ahram Weekly ?. 745. 2?8 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 3 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2013 .

[52] A. Ehteshami (2002). "The foreign policy of Iran" (PDF) . ?? Lynne Rienner (??????). The foreign policies of Middle East states . Boulder, Co. ?. 283?290.

[53] "Brief History of Syria" . Syrian Friendship Association . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-08-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-11 .

[54] "???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-28. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[55] "???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-09. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[56] "???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-06. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[57] Marbella, a meeting point for the rich and famous | ???? ?????? 07 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[58] ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????

[abcnews-59] ? ^? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? abcnews

[alriyadh-60] ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? alriyadh

[61] ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[62] "????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-21. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[63] "???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-20. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[64] "????? / ???? " ????? .. ??? ??????? " ???? ???????? ????? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-21. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[abcnews-65] ? ^? "Saudi Arabia's King Fahd Dead" . ?? ?? ?? ???? . 1 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-06 .

[alriyadh-66] "??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????" . ????? ?????? . 1 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-06 .

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???? ??????

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? ? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????
????? ???????? ???????????? (1720 ? ????)	???? ?????
?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? (1744 ? 1818)	???? ?? ???? ????? · ??? ?????? ?? ???? · ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? · ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? (1818 ? 1891)	???? ?? ??? ???? · ????? ?? ??? ?????? · ???? ?? ???? · ???? ?? ???? ?????? · ??? ???? ?? ????? · ??? ???? ?? ???? · ???? ?? ???? · ??? ?????? ?? ????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? (1901 ? 1902)	??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? (1902 ? 1921)	??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? (1921 ? 1926)	??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? (1926 ? 1932)	??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (1932 ? ????)	??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? · ???? ?? ??? ?????? · ???? ?? ??? ?????? · ???? ?? ??? ?????? · ??? ?? ??? ?????? · ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? · ????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ??? ???	?? ???? · ????? ????? · ??? ??? ????? · ???? ??????? ???????

? ? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????
????? ???????	????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ⁽¹⁾ ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ⁽¹⁾ ???? ?? ???? ?????? ⁽²⁾
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????	??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ⁽³⁾
????? ??????? ????????	??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????
????? ??????? ??????	??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ⁽¹⁾ ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ⁽¹⁾ ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ???????	???? ?????? ⁽⁴⁾ ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????
⁽¹⁾ ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ⁽²⁾ ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ⁽³⁾ ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ⁽⁴⁾ ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????.

? ? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
1979 - 1990	??? ?????? ???????? (1979) ??? ????? ?????? / ???? ???? (1980) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? (1981) ??? ?????? ?? ??? (1982) ????? ???? ????? / ????? ??? ?????? (1983) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? (1984) ??? ?? ?????? ???? (1985) ???? ????? / ????? ?????? (1986) ??? ??? ???? (1987) ??????? ?????? (1988) ???? ??????? (1989) ??? ???????? / ?????? ???? (1990)
1991 - 2000	??? ???? ?? ??? ???? (1991) ???? ?????? (1992) ??? ??? ???????? (1993) ???? ?? ???? ???????? (1994) ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? (1995) ??? ?????? ?????? (1996) ?????? ???? (1997) ???? ???? (1998) ???? ?????? (1999) ?????? ?????? (2000)
2001 - 2010	???? ????? ??????? (2001) ????? ?? ???? ??????? (2002) ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (2003) ??? ?????? ???? ????? (2004) ???? ???? ??? / ????? ??????? (2005) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? / ???? ????? (2006) ??????? ??????? (2007) ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? (2008) ??????? ??????? (2009) ??? ??? ??????? (2010)
2011 - 2020	??? ???? ???? ???? (2011) ?????? ??????? (2012) ???? ???? (2013) ??? ???? ???? (2014) ???? ???? (2015) ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? (2016) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? (2017) ??????? ?????? (2018) ????? ??????? ???????? (???????) (2019) ????? ??? ??????? (2020)
2021 - ????	???? ?????? (2021) ??? ??? ????? / ??? ????? ??????? (2022) ???? ???? / ???? ??? ???? ??????? (2023) ????? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ / ???? ???? (2024)