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??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. [1] ??????? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ≪???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.≫ ????????. [2] ). [1] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? [??????????] ?????? ??????? ≪????? ???????≫. [1] ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. [3] ???????? ??????? [??????????] ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????. [4] [5] ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????. [6] ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? [??????????] ? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. [1] ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. [1] ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? . ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (865-925) ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????. [7] ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 1472 ≪?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????≫ ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????. [8] ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? [??????????] ? 1473? ?????????? ????? (1450-1525)? ?????? ??? ???????? (1391-1460)? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? " "Pediatric Incunabula ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. [1] ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? [??????????] (1706-1773) ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? [9] [10] ?????? ????? ≪????? ???????≫ ???????? (1764) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. [11] ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? (1830-1919) ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. [12] ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ≪?????? ??????? ??????≫ ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 1802? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. [13] ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? [14] ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1920 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? [??????????] ????? ??? ?? 1778. ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? (?????? ??? ??? 1710) ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 1830? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? 1834? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1837. ?? 1852 ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. [13] ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? 1860 ?? ????????. [15] ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? 1855? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1869. [16]

?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????- ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.

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????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? (??? ?? ???????? ???????)? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????- ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? (????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????). ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ≪???? ????? ?????≫ -????? ????? ????? ≪???? ????? ????? ?????≫- ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? . ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. [17]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????:

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? Colon? A. R.? Colon? P. A. (????? 1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics . Greenwood Press. ISBN : 9780313310805 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-20 .
  2. ^ Celsus, De Medicina , Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
  3. ^ John G. Raffensperger. Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History . McFarland. ?. 21.
  4. ^ David Levinson? Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of modern Asia . Charles Scribner's Sons. ?. 4. ?. 116.
  5. ^ Desai, A.B. Textbook Of Paediatrics . Orient blackswan. ?. 1.
  6. ^ P.M. Dunn, "Soranus of Ephesus (circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times", Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal , 1995 July; 73(1): F51?F52. [1] ???? ?????? 9 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [2] ???? ?????? 05 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  8. ^ " Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition) ". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8 ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  9. ^ Lock? Stephen? John M. Last? George Dunea (2001). The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine . Oxford University Press US. ?. 173. ISBN : 978-0-19-262950-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-09 .
  10. ^ Roberts? Michael (2003). The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719-1772 . Cambridge University Press. ?. 216. ISBN : 978-0-521-52707-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-09 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? )
  11. ^ Dallas? John. "Classics of Child Care" . Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-09 .
  12. ^ " Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing ". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2 ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  13. ^ ? ? Ballbriga? Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". ?? Nichols? Burford L.? ?????? (????????). History of Paediatrics 1850?1950 . Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. New York: Raven Press. ?. 22. ?. 6?8. ISBN : 0-88167-695-0 .
  14. ^ official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-01-23 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  15. ^ Young? D.G. (August 1999). "The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery" . Journal of the Royal College of surgeons Edinburgh . ?. 44: 211?5. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }} : ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
  16. ^ Pearson? Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". ?? Nichols? Burford L.? ?????? (????????). History of Paediatrics 1850?1950 . Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. New York: Raven Press. ?. 22. ?. 55?63. ISBN : 0-88167-695-0 .
  17. ^ CoPS ???? ?????? 18 ?????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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