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هذه مقالةٌ مختارةٌ، وتعد من أجود محتويات ويكيبيديا. انقر هنا للمزيد من المعلومات.
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طفل يعاني من سوء التغذية في خيمة علاج تابعة لمنظمة أطباء بلا حدود في الصومال.
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?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?   ?????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P279) في ويكي بيانات
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??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? [1] [2]
????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? [2]
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??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? [1] [3]
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??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? [1]
?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? [4] [5]
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?????? ????? 821 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? / 11? ?? ?????? (2017) [6]
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

??? ??????? ?? ???????? [7] ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. [8] ??? ??? ???????? ≪ ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ≫ ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. [3]

??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? . [9] ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ????? . ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? . ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???????. [10]

??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. [11] ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. [11] [12] ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? [?????? 1] (??? ???? ????? ???????? ) ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? . [13] [14] ??? ???????? ????? ≪????? ????? ????????≫ ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????. [15] [16]

?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? . [17] ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. [18] [19]

?? ??? 2018? ??? ???? 821 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? (10.8% ?? ????? ??????). [20] ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 176 ????? ??? ??? ??? 1990 ????? ??? 23% ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? 36 ????? ?? ??? 2015- ????? ??? 10.6% ?????? ?? ??? ???????. [21] [22]

??? ??? 2012? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????. [6] ??? ??? 2015? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? 323000 ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1990 ????? ????? 510,000 ???? ????. [23] [24]

????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? 83,000 ??? ???. [23] ?? ??? 2010? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1.4% ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? . [6] [25] ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. [26]

?? ??? 2010 ???? ????? 1.5 ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? [27] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 3 ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? 165 ?? ??? 2013. [28] ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? [29] ??? ?? ??? ?????? -???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? - ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. [30]

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????? ??? ?? ????? ≪??? ?????≫ (???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 2000 ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2008)? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 58% ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 2006 ?: ≪ ???? ??? 62 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. [31] ??? ?? ??? 2006 ????? ??? ??? ??? 36 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. [32] ≫

?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. [11] ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? 2.2 ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1.4 ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ( ??????????? : The Lancet )? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? . ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????. [11]

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???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? . [33] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

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???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? [34]
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???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? [34]
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?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ≪????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.≫ [35] ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? 10 ??? 15 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. [35] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ( ??????????? : Cretinism )? ??????? ( ??????????? : Dwarfism )? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ??? 16% ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. [35]

??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (?????)? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. [36] ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 10% ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????. [37] ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????. [38] ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????. [39] ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1951. [40]

≪????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.≫ [41]

??? ????? ??????? ??? ≪??????? ???????≫ ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

≪????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????.≫ [42]
???? ??? 91% ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? 7% ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????. [37]
????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ????????.
???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????. [43] [44]
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ≪???????≫ ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????. [45]

??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.

??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [46] ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????: ????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????????? (????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????)? ??????? ??12 ? ??? ??????? ???????????.

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???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??????????? : International Agency for Research on Cancer )? ??: ≪ ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ≫ ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????." [47]

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??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????.

????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? (????? ????? ?????? ?????????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????) ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? (??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????). ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? . ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????????? PGE1/PGE2.

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? . ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ?? ???? ??????) ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? (??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????).

???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (???????) ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????/????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????/????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????/????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? (?? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????/??????????? ?????????) ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????/?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? (??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????).

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???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 2007 ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. [48] ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ) ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? (??????? ??????)? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????/ ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

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??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? [49] ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? . [50]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ???????? (???) ? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? 80% ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [51] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. [52]

??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 2007 ?2008. [53]

?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [54] ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????. [55]

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???? ???: ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???.

?? ???? ≪??? ???????≫ ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? (??????? ????????) ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. [56] ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [57] ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????). ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? . ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? (??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? (????? ????? ???????))? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? (??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????). ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ≪???? ?????? ?????≫ ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????. [51] ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 14 ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????.

??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? . ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????. [18] [58] ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. [18] ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? 95% ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change )? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. [59] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. [59] ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 1998 ?2001 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? 80% ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 50% ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? . [60] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. [59]

??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. [61] ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? (?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????) ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. [62]

??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 80% ?? ????? ????? ???????. [63] [64]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (???????????? ????????) ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??????. [65] ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. [66] [67] ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? 300 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? 20 ????? ??????? ???? ???????. [11] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? 2.2 ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? 67 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????. [11]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????.

???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. [13] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1974 ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? 24 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????. [14]

??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. [15] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ≪????≫ ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. [15] [16] ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ≪??? ??? ????? ??????≫ ( ??????????? : Concern Worldwide )? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????. [15]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [15] ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??: ≪ ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? [68] ?????? ≫. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????. [67] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??: ≪ ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. [69] ≫ ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Productive Safety Net Program )?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [70] ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [71]

?????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ≪?????? ???????≫ ( ??????????? : Green Revolution )?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [72] ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [18] [73] ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 5 ?????? ????? ?? ??? 13 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 3.4 ????? ???? ?? ??? 2007 ? ??? ?? ??? 1.2 ????? ???? ?? ??? 2005 ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [18] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????. [18] ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ( ??????????? : The Earth Institute )?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [17] [18]

??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1.3 ????? ???. [74] ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. [13]

???? ????? ?????? (????? ??? ????? ??????) ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ≪??? ??? ????? ?????????≫. [75] ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. [76] ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ≪??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????.≫ ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????. [77] ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??: ≪ ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ≫. [78] ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ( ??????????? : Food First )? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ≪??????? ????????≫? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 30 ?50%. [51]

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ≪??? ??????≫ ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. [51] ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. [51] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. [51]

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 100.000 ????? ???? ??? 2002? ?????? ????? ??? ???????: ??? ????? ????????-??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ??????. [79]
   ?? ??????
   ??? ?? 150
   300-150
   450-300
   600-450
   750-600
   900-750
   1050-900
   1200-1050
   1350-1200
   1500-1350
   1750-1500
   ???? ?? 1750
?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????.

?? ??? 2007? ?????? ??? 923 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1990 ??? 80 ????? ???? [80] ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 6 ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? 12 ????? ????. [81]

????? 1990 1995 2005 2007
??? ??????? ????? ??????
?? ??? ??????? (????????) [82] 		842 832 848 923
????? 1970 1980 1990 2005 2007
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
?? ????? ??????? [83] [84] 		37 % 28 % 20 % 16 % 17 %

??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? 4000 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? 100.000 ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? 36 ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ??????? ????? 58% ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 2001 ??? ??? 2004. [85] [86] [87]

?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?????? 700 ?? ????? ?? ??? 16.000 ?? ??? ? ?? ??? 6 ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? 60% ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (??? ??????? 2002- 2008) [88] [89] [90] [91] [92]

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? (????????) ???? ????? 2001- 2003? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? (???) ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 5 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? :

?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (????????)
  ?????
217.05
  ?????
154.0
  ????????
43.45
  ??????? ??????? ???????????
37.0
  ???????
35.2
  ???????
31.5
  ???????
16.1
  ???????
15.2
  ????????
14.4
  ?????????
13.8
  ??????
13.8
  ???????
13.4
  ???????
11.5
  ?????
9.7
  ???????
8.8
  ???????
8.3
  ????? ????????
7.9
  ?????
7.1
  ??????
7.1
  ????????
5.9
  ????????
5.7
  ???????
5.1
  ??????
5.1
  ??????
5.0

??????: ???? ??? ?????? ≪??? ???????≫? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ????? ??????? 2001 ???? 2003) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? (???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????) ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????.

??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (?? ????? ??????). ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???.

???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [93] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. [94] ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ???????? ???? 27% ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????

?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 19% ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 28% ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. [95]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????. [96] ?????? ????? ????? ????? 5.6 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. [97] ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 2006 ?? ≪????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????≫. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ≪??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????≫. [97]

??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? [98] ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . [99]

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ( ??????????? : Institute of Development Studies )? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??: ≪??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.≫ [100] ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? (???? ?????? ????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 2042 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

???????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. [101] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ( ??????????? : U.S. Census Bureau )? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 3.5 ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? . [102] ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?? 60% ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. [103] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2003 ??? ?????? ?? ?? 200 ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (??? ??? 3.6%) ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? .

??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? .

??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? [104] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. [71] ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. [51] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. [51]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ?????????: ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? "???????".

????? [ ??? ]

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  84. ^ ????? ??????? ???????? Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities” . ????? ??????? ???????? of the ????? ??????? , 2008, p. 6. “??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 20 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 1990 ?1992 ??? ??? ?? 18 ?????? ??? ????? 1995 ?1997? ????? 16 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 2003 ?2005. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 17 ?????? ??? ??????.”. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-09-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
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  103. ^ "Plan to End Childhood Hunger in America" . Share Our Strength. 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-29.
  104. ^ ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????- ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

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