한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ???? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

???? ????

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???? ??? ?????? ????? ????
???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? 2006 .

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? . ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????.????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (??? ??????? ????? ?????? )? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1991 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 6000 ?????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? .
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2010 ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? 4500 ?????.

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? 2007

????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? . ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? . [1] [2] [3]

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????

??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? (???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????) ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????: [4]

  • ???????? ??????? : ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? .
  • ?????: ?????? ???? ?????.
  • ??????? : ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? .
  • ??? ????? : ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
  • ???????? ?????????: ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.
  • ????? ?????? ????? ???????: ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????.
  • ???????? ?????????? : ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.

?? ??????? ????????? ?????: [5]

??????? ???? ???:

????????? ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

????????? ??????? ????? (Fast Oil Recovery) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????.

????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ≪????? JLMD≫ ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ≪?????? Svitzer≫ ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? .

??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????:

??? ???? ????? ?? ??????
???? ??? ????? ??? ??? IXTOC
????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
??????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? 		??????? ??????
????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? 1,000-1,500 1991 [6]
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? 2010 ???? ??????? 4.1-4.9 2010 [7] [8] [9] [10]
??? Ixtoc ???? ??????? 3.3-3.5 1979 - 1980 [11] [12]
???????? ????? ?????? ????????? 2.1 1979 [13] [14]
???? ?????? ?????????? 2 1992 [15]
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? - ????? 1.9 1983 [16]
????? ????? ABT Summer 1,300 ?? ???? ?????? 1.9 1991 [16]
???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? 1.8 1983 [16]
?????? ????? ????? 1.6 1978 [15] [16]
????? ????? MT Haven ??????? 1 1991 [16]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

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  4. ^ ip.com Oil spill cleanup technology [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2011-11-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Office of Response and Restoration How Do Spills Happen? ???? ?????? 2017-07-19 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ CNN.com Kuwait still recovering from Gulf War fires ???? ?????? 2012-10-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  7. ^ New York Times Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say ???? ?????? 2017-04-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  8. ^ CNN.com Oil disaster by the numbers ???? ?????? 2016-04-23 ?? Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Consumer Energy Report Nternal Documents: BP Estimates Oil Spill Rate up to 100,000 Barrels Per Day ???? ?????? 2012-10-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  10. ^ New Yorker A REPORTER AT LARGETHE GULF WAR ???? ?????? 2014-05-27 ?? Wayback Machine
  11. ^ IncidentNews IXTOC I ???? ?????? 2013-02-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Nature Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico ???? ?????? 2017-04-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  13. ^ ITOPF Major Oil Spills ???? ?????? 2010-12-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Maritime Connector 1979. - Ixtoc I ???? ?????? 2017-06-19 ?? Wayback Machine
  15. ^ ? ? Mariner Group Oil Spill History [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2015-06-23 ?? Wayback Machine
  16. ^ ? ? ? ? ? Infoplease Oil Spills and Disasters ???? ?????? 2017-03-09 ?? Wayback Machine

GHS09: خَطِر على البيئة

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