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????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 1261 ?1453? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? (1204)? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? . ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? .

??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ^[1] ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1263 ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ^[2] ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1243. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????: ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? .

???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1354 ?? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? 1380? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 1453. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????.

??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ≪??????? ????????????≫. ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? .

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????: ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ^[3]

???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? . ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ^[3] ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????.

?? ??? 1261? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ^[3] ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????.

??????? ?????? ???????? (1261?1282) [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1261? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? 600 ????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? 1246. ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 1261? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????. ^[3] ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ^[4] ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ^[5] ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? 1204? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[5] ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ^[6] ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? . ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? 1240. ^[7] ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? 1266. ?? ??? 1267? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????. ^[8] ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? 1274? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????.

???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ^[9] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 1281. ^[9]

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????: ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 1263 ??? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ^[9] ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.

?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? 1282 ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Mango, p. 255
^ John Joseph Saunders, pp. 79
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Mango, p. 254
^ Madden, pp. 110?113
^ ^? ^? Mango, p. 256
^ Madden, p. 179
^ Lowe, Steven, and Martin Baker. "Seljuks of Rum". 21 Feb. 1992. 29 May 2007 ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Mango, p. 257
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Mango, p. 258

??????? [ ??? ]

Madden, Thomas F. Crusades the Illustrated History. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan P, 2005
Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2002
John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.

????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

Evans, Helen C. (2004). Byzantium: faith and power (1261-1557) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN : 1588391132 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-16.
Parker, Geoffrey. Compact History of the World. 4th ed. London: Times Books, 2005
Turnbull, Stephen. The Ottoman Empire 1326 ? 1699. New York: Osprey, 2003.
Haldon, John. Byzantium at War 600 ? 1453. New York: Osprey, 2000.
Healy, Mark. The Ancient Assyrians. New York: Osprey, 1991.
Bentley, Jerry H., and Herb F. Ziegler. Traditions & Encounters a Global Perspective on the Past. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
Historical Dynamics in a Time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204?1453
????? ?????? , Great Ages of Man Byzantium, Time-Life Books, 1975
Maksimovi?? L. (1988). The Byzantine provincial administration under the Palaiologoi .
Raybaud, L.P. (1968) Le gouvernement et l’administration centrale de l’empire Byzantin sous les premiers Paleologues (1258-1354). Paris, pp. 202?206

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Byzantine & Christian Museum, The Palaiologan period: The final flowering of Byzantium

[Cyril255-1] Mango, p. 255

[John_Joseph_Saunders-2] John Joseph Saunders, pp. 79

[Cyril254-3] ? ^? ^? ^? Mango, p. 254

[Madden110113-4] Madden, pp. 110?113

[Cyril256-5] ? ^? Mango, p. 256

[Madden179-6] Madden, p. 179

[7] Lowe, Steven, and Martin Baker. "Seljuks of Rum". 21 Feb. 1992. 29 May 2007 ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Cyril257-8] Mango, p. 257

[Cyril258-9] ? ^? ^? ^? Mango, p. 258

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