한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ?????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

?????? ??????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????
???
??????
??????
????
????? ???????
1 ????? ? 31 ????
????????
??????????
?????? ????????
??? ?????? ????????
  • 1.2% (2018) 0.7% (??????? 2019)
  • 0.0% (?????? 2020) 1.6% (?????? 2021) [2]
???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
??????? (0.4%)? ??????? (58.7%)? ??????? (40.9%) (??????? 2017) [3]
?????? ????????? ( CPI )
0.579% (2018) [1]
???????
2.1% (??????? 2017) [3]
???????? ????????
??????? ?????????
????????
54.09 ????? ????? (??????? 2017)
??? ????????
????? ????????? ??????? ????????
????? ???????
  ????? ???????? (+) 18.3%
  ????? (-) 17.4%
  ??????? (+) 11.5%
  ????? (+) 11.2%
  ???????? (+) 6.3%
  ???????? ??????? (+) 5.7% (2017) [3]
????????
29.36 ????? ????? (??????? 2017) [3]
??? ????????
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????
????? ?????????
  ????? (-) 13.5%
  ???????? ??????? (+) 13.3%
  ???????? ??????? ??????? (+) 9.5%
  ??????? ??????? ???????? (+) 5.8%
  ??????? (+) 5.4%
  ??????? (+) 5.0%
  ????? (+) 4.7%
  ??????? (+) 4.5% (2017) [4]
??????? ??????
?????? ?????????
????? ?????
negative increase18.40 ????? ????? (??????? 2019) [5]
????? ??????? ????????
negative increase48.91 ????? ????? (??????? 31 ?????? 2017) [3]
?????????
41.7 ????? ????? (??????? 2019) [3]
?????????
69.33 ????? ????? (??????? 2019) [3]
????????? ???????
??? ?????
??????? ?????????
??????? ??? ???? : [6]
AA- (????)
AA- (?????)
AA+ (????? T&C)
?????? ??????????: ????? [7]

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????.

????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 50% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ? 95% ?? ???????? ? 80% ?? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? 96 ????? ????? (15 ??³) ?? ????? 10% ?? ????????? ???????.

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? 75% ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? 5.5 ????? ????? ?????? ??? 3 ??????? ??? 1999 ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? .

??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 439%. [9] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 58% ?? ?????????? . ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 91% ???? ????????? . ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 1999? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2003 ? ?? ?????? ???? 38.19 ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? 35.52 ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 8.3 ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 2005 ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2.418 ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1.572 ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? 9.296 ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 2006 ? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 400,000 ????? ??????? ??? ??? 2008 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2.57 ????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? 64 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? 2023. [10] [11]

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ??????

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???: ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? [12] ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ≪?????≫ ?≪???????≫ ?≪??????≫ ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? . [13]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ?? ??????
?????? ???????? .

??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1960? [14] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????) ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. [15]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? (???).
??????? ???????: ??????? ???????

??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 1960 ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? 6 ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 2014 [16] ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 9 ?????? 1986 . [17] ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????? 2008 ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? 3.78 ????? ?????? ? 2.4 ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. [18]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? 1000 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? (??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????). ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 6 ???? (??? ????? 5 ????? 10 ????? 20 ???? 50 ??? ? 100 ???). ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 3.5460 ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? 27 ????? 2011 . [19]

???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????: [20]

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (2000 = 100) ???? ????? ?? ?????
(????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? )
1980 7,764 0.27 ????? ????? 55 171.08
1985 6,450 0.29 ????? ????? 68 71.58
1990 5,328 0.29 ????? ????? 80 37.00
1995 8,114 0.29 ????? ????? 92 62.14
2000 11,570 0.30 ????? ????? 100 48.92
2005 21,783 0.29 ????? ????? 108 64.35

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 2004 ? 2008 ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? 38 ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? . [21]

?????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? 1998 / 1999 ???? 2008 / 2009 ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? 80? ?? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? : ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????. [22] [23] ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.

??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ???? ??? ??????? -????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? - ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 1953 ? ????? ?? ????? 210 ????? ????? ?? ?????? (140? ?? ?????? ??????). [24] [25]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? 2009 ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [21]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? 65 ??????? ?? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 61 ? 72 (?????? ???????: 63 ????? ?????? ????????: 61 ?????? ???????: 71 ??????? ??????: 72)

????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????
????? 2009 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 Aa2 ????
???? 2009 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 Aa2 ?????
????? 2007 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 P-1 Aa2 Aa2 ?????
?????? 2006 Aa2 P-1 Aa3 P-1 Aa3 Aa3 ?????
?????? 2006 Aa3 P-1 A2 P-1 A2 A2 ?????
???? 2006 Aa3 P-1 A2 P-1 A2 A2 ?????
?????? 2006 A2 P-1 A2 P-1 A2 A2 ??????
???? 2002 A2 P-1 A2 P-1 A2 A2 ?????
?????? 1999 Baa1 P-2 Baa1 P-2 Baa1 Baa1 ??????

????? ????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 5.3% ??? 2003 ? 8.1% ??? 2004 ? 6.5% ??? 2006 ? 5.5% ?? ??? 2007 ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2008 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? 3% ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2009 ???? ??? 1.5%. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 25 ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 2007 10.4% ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? 2003 ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? 9% -??? ???? ?????? ?????- ?? ?????? 2008 . [31] [32]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? 2009 ???? ??? 4,5%. [33] ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 2000. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? 262,691 ????? ??? ????? 78% ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2008 . ????? ???? 16,9% ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 56,955 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 2000 ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 1,120,608 ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. [33] [34]

???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? :

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????? ?? ??????

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1971 ????? ??? ???? 100%. [35] ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1952 ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [36]

??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 1977 . [37] ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1942 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [38] ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????:

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 23.2% ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 2002 ?2008 ?????? ?????? 14.3% ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? 29% ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? (35%) ???????? (29.9%). [39]

???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? .
??????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ?? ??????

??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??104 ????? ????? (?? ?? ????? 10% ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????). ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1938 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1946 .

????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??: [40]

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??: ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. [41]

??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? 54% ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? (27%) ????????? (18%) ?????????? ??????? (9%) ???? ?? ??? 2002. [41]

??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? (????????? ?????????) ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ??? ?????? ??????? ???????
???????? ?? ????? ?????? .

??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? 35.33 ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? 2009 . [42] [43]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? 46 ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? 99 ???? ????????? ??????. ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? 2009 ????? 20.8 ????? ????? ????? . ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 2008 ?????? 2009 ?? 9.2 ????? ????? ?????. [44] [45] [46] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? 3 ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? 8 ??????? ????? ??? ????? 6 ??????? ????? ?????? 1.8 ????? ?????. [47] [48]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? [49] [50] ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????. [51] ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. [52] [53] [54] ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????. [55]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 1973 ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. [56] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [57] ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? -?? ??? 2007 - ???? 5%? ?????? 10% ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ???????? ????????? 34.6% ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? 22%? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? 831.4 ????? ????? ????? ???? 2007 . [58] ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 2004 ????? 5,400 ????? ?????? (?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????). ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 2012 ??? 7,997 ????? ????? ???? 10% ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? (????? ???? ????? ?????). [59]

??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. [60]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? 57 ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? . ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? 133.15 ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? 2009 . [61] [62]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? (??? ??????) ?????? 8.5% ???? ?????? ?? 2002 ?2006 . ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? 90% ?? ?????? ???? ????????. [63]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? [64]
??????? 1997 - 2008
????? ????? ?????
????? ??????
1997 1,547
1998 1,583
1999 1,239
2000 1,099
2001 1,405
2002 2,286
2003 2,828
2004 2,759
2005 2,231
2006 2,729
2007 4,447
2008 2,790

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? 7% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2007 ????? ??????? ???? ?? 4,447 ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2008 ????? 2,790 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? 8 ? 9 ????? 2008? [64] ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? 32% ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? 2007 ?2008 . [65] [66] ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 2009 ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? 2009 ?? ????? 115 ????? ????? ?????. [67]

???? ??????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? -???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????- ?????? 118.2 ????? ????? ?????? 00.04% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? 2005/2006. ??? ??? 2017? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 0.4% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? [3] ????? ????? 4% ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? [68] ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????. [69] ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? 58% ???? ????????? ??? 2004. ?????? ?? ?????? 4,545 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? 134,535 ???? (????? 2006) ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? . [70] [71] ???? ??????? ???????? ????? 1?521 ??????? ???? ?? ??? 2014. [69] ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [72]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? 6% ?19% ?36% ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? 2004. [70] ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 16114 ??? ?? ??? 2007 ?????? ???? 42 ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? 41 ????? ?? ????? ???????? . [73] ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 3 ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 17 ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 390 ??? ? 5 ???? ??? ??? ???????. [74]

??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [75] ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?? ????? ??????

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ????? ??? ??? 5,749 ??? (3,572 ???)? ???? 4,887 ??? (3,037 ???) ?????. ???? ???? ?? 2 ????? ????? ???? ? 500?000 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 120 ??/? (75 ???/?). ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????.

????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1962? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. [76] ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? 20 ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2006. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [77]

???? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? 2004? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? . [78] ?? ??? 2005? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????.

?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 753?334 ????? ?? ??? 2006. [79] ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. [80] ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2007. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? 1.3 ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??????? ?? ??????

??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2009 ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? 95 ??? 133 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. [81] [82] [83]

??? ??? 2015 ???? ??????? 1.5% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? . [84] [85] ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 500 ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 2016. [86] ?????? ?????? ≪??? ??????≫ ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? [87] ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. [87] [88] [89] ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? 1 ??? 28 ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? 26 ??????. [90]

???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????.

????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1960 . ????? ?? ?????? ?????? 26 ???? ????? ???? 19 ???? ?????? (11 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????) ? 8 ????? ????? ? 3 ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? 86% ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2006 ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? 153.5 ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? 10 ? 20% ?? ?????? ???????. [91] [92]

????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? -??? ???? ??????- ??????? ???? ?? 58 ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2007 ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. [93]

???? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 2004 - 2009.

???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? 95% ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? 2008 ???? ???? ???????? ??????? 22.2 ????? ????? ?? ??? 23.3 ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 9% ?????? ???- ??? ??? 2004 . ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????. [94]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? [34] ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??15 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??60 ????? ???. [95]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [96] ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?6 ??????? ????? ?? ??? 2010 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????. [97] ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????. [94]

???? ??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???:

1982 - ???? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??? ??????

???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????.

??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? 400% ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? 28815 ????? ????? ?????? ????? 26,7 ????? ????? ????? ??? 6031 ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. [98]

1990 - ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ??????? ??????

??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 727 ??? ???? ?? ??? 1080 ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 120 ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 80 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. [99] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 61.1 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. [100] [101]

2008 - ?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2001 - 2009 ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.
??????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ????????

????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???.

??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????. [102] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? 50% ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? 25 ???? ?????? ???????. [103]

??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? 1961 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1974 ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? 2000 ????? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ??????? 758 ??????? ????? ??????? ???? 4,221.042 ????? ????? ?????? ???? 291 ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 2,310.348 ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????. [104]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? 19 ????? 2009 . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. [105] [106]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ? ? ? "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019" . IMF.org . ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-03 .
  2. ^ "Middle East and North Africa Economic Update, April 2020 : How Transparency Can Help the Middle East and North Africa" . openknowledge.worldbank.org . ????? ?????? . ?. 10. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-10 .
  3. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? "Kuwait" . ???? ????? ?????? . Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2018. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-04-21 .
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  6. ^ "Sovereigns rating list" . Standard & Poor's. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-26 .
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  8. ^ " ????? ?????? ????? ?????? " . ????? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-01 .
  9. ^ GDP: GDP per capita, current US dollars [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2012-05-04 ?? Wayback Machine
  10. ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition" . www.wipo.int (???????????). DOI : 10.34667/tind.46596 . Retrieved 2023-10-28 .
  11. ^ "Global Innovation Index" . INSEAD Knowledge (???????????). 28 Oct 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-09-02 . Retrieved 2021-09-02 .
  12. ^ ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 2008-01-11 ?? Wayback Machine
  13. ^ ????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2017-07-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  14. ^ ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? 35
  15. ^ ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? 19
  16. ^ ????? ????? ???????? - ??? ?????? "??? ???????.. ???" 19 ????? 2014 - ????? ??????? 27 ????? 2015 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2014-05-22 ?? Wayback Machine
  17. ^ ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 9 ?????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2020-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  18. ^ ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? - ????? 20 ???? 2007 ? - ???? ?? 10 ????? 2009 "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-03-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-06-10 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  19. ^ Exchange Rates, Central Bank of Kuwait ???? ?????? 2018-01-03 ?? Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Select Country or Country Groups ???? ?????? 2015-05-27 ?? Wayback Machine
  21. ^ ? ? ????? ????. ?????: ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? . 21 ????? 2009. ????? 12954 ???? ?????? 2017-09-01 ?? Wayback Machine
  22. ^ ?????? ???????.. ???? ?????? ???????.. ?? ??????? ????? ???????? 26 ????? 1429 ? ? 27 ????? 2008 ? ????? 37 ? ????? 12? ???? ?? 17 ????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2014-01-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  23. ^ ????? - ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 17 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2014-01-06 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  24. ^ Kuwait Investment Authority. SWF Institute ???? ?????? 2017-02-25 ?? Wayback Machine
  25. ^ ?????? ???: "??????? ???????" ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ???????. ??????? 26 ????? 1428?? - 08 ?????? 2007? ???? ?????? 2008-05-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  26. ^ ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? 7.5 %. ????? 14 ??????. ????? ??? : (14076)? ??????? 7 ????? 2008 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2008-04-08 ?? Wayback Machine
  27. ^ ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? 2009. ????? ??????. 6/????? ??????/2009 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2020-04-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  28. ^ ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? 6% ??? 4.8% ?? 2007. ??????? ???????. ???????. 22 ????? 2007? ???? ?????? 2007-10-09 ?? Wayback Machine
  29. ^ ??? ????????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. 5 ????? 2006 ???? ?????? 2007-08-26 ?? Wayback Machine "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-08-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-06-08 .
  30. ^ ??????? ??????? : 1.5% ????? ????????? ?????? ?? 2009. ????? ??????? ????????. 09 ????? 2009 [ ???? ?????? ] "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-14 .
  31. ^ ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ???????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2020-01-26 ?? Wayback Machine
  32. ^ ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????. 2009/05/04 ???? ?????? 2009-05-05 ?? Wayback Machine
  33. ^ ? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????. 05/03/2009 ???? ?????? 2020-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  34. ^ ? ? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2009-01-22 ?? Wayback Machine
  35. ^ [1] Kuwait Banking and Finance Countries of the World - 20 years of CIA World Fact Books - ??? ?? 14 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2018-03-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  36. ^ ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? - ??? ?? 14 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2009-05-23 ?? Wayback Machine
  37. ^ ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? "????" ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? - ??? ?? 14 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2010-01-31 ?? Wayback Machine
  38. ^ ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? - ??? ?? 14 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2016-10-25 ?? Wayback Machine
  39. ^ ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????: ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? . ????? 13066. 13 ?????? 2009. ???? ?????? 2017-09-01 ?? Wayback Machine
  40. ^ ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? - ???? ??????? ??? ?? 11 ????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2009-01-20 ?? Wayback Machine
  41. ^ ? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? - ???? ??????? ??? ?? 14 ????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2009-01-20 ?? Wayback Machine
  42. ^ ≪?????≫: 675.6 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????. ???????? 17 ????? 2009 ,24 ????? ??????? 1430 ???? ?????? 2016-03-09 ?? Wayback Machine
  43. ^ ?????? ???????? ?????? 13.2 % ,,,,?????: ????? ?????? ????? 1.84 % ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????. ??? 5/7/2009 ???? ?????? 2007-12-08 ?? Wayback Machine
  44. ^ "2?9 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ????????. 24/03/2009" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-06. {{ ??????? ??? }} : |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? )
  45. ^ ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2012-04-29 ?? Wayback Machine
  46. ^ ?????:????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2020-03-17 ?? Wayback Machine
  47. ^ ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????????. 03/04/2009 ???? ?????? 2014-01-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  48. ^ ???? ?? ≪??????≫: 1.8 ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ????????. 27 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2016-03-07 ?? Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Al-Kharafi? Naeimah (12 ?????? 2014). "Encouraging social entrepreneurship in Kuwait ? Special report" . Kuwait Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-08.
  50. ^ Saltzman? Jason (11 ?????? 2014). "Keeping Up With Kuwaiti Connection: The Startup Circuit in Kuwait Is Up And At 'Em" . Entrepreneur Middle East . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-04.
  51. ^ Etheridge? Jamie (27 ?????? 2014). "What's behind the growth of Kuwait's informal economy" . Kuwait Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-05.
  52. ^ Greenfield? Rebecca (12 ????? 2013). "In Kuwait, Instagram Accounts Are Big Business" . The Wire: News for the Atlantic . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-20.
  53. ^ Kuo? Lily? Foxman? Simone (16 ????? 2013). "A rising class of Instagram entrepreneurs in Kuwait is selling comics, makeup and sheep" . Quartz . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-11.
  54. ^ "Kuwait's booming Instagram economy" . kottke.org . 12 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-11.
  55. ^ al-Wazir? Yara (23 ????? 2014). "How Kuwaitis are Instagramming a business revolution" . Al Arabiya News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-05.
  56. ^ ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2018-08-31 ?? Wayback Machine
  57. ^ ????? ??? 56 ???? 1996 ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? (???: 56 / 1996). ???? ????????? ????????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2020-04-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  58. ^ ??????? ?????? ???? 2008 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine
  59. ^ 5439 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????????. 12/09/2007 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2023-06-03 ?? Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "?.???? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-11-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-22 .
  61. ^ ≪?????≫: ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 675.6 ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????. 17 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? 2020-04-14 ?? Wayback Machine
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