???????? ???????

???????? ???????
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?????????	12 ??????? 1915 ? 22 ?????? 1916
????????	????????????????????????
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???????????????
???????????????
	袁世凱
	??????????????????? 1915
????????????????????????
	??????????? ; 22 ?????? 1916 ? 6 ???????? 1916
?????????????	??? ?????? ; ?????? ?????? ;
???????????????	??? ??????????
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	??????????? ; 10 ?????? 1912 ? 12 ?????? 1915
?????????????	??? ??????? ; ??? ????????? ; ???? ?????? ; ?????? ?????? (????????) ; ??? ?????? ; ??? ?????? (????????) ; ??? ?????? ;
???????????????	??? ??????????
????????	??? ???????
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	??????????? ; 2 ????????? 1911 ? 10 ?????? 1912
????????	???????????????????
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	??????????? ; 4 ??????? 1907 ? 2 ?????? 1909
????????	?????????????????? ; ??????????????????? ;
?????????????????
	??????????? ; 4 ??????? 1907 ? 2 ?????? 1909
????????	?????????????????? ; ??????????????????? ;
????????	???? ??????
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???????????????
????	16 ??????? ?.?. 1859 ; Xiangcheng , Henan , Qing Empire
?????????	6 ???????? ?.?. 1916 (56 ??) ; ??????? , Republic of China
????????????	Beiyang clique ; ????????????? ;
???????	Yu Yisdong ; Lady Shen, concubine ; Lady Lee, concubine ; Lady Kim, concubine ; Lady O, concubine ; Lady Yang, concubine ; Lady Ye, concubine ; Lady Zhang, concubine ; Lady Guo, concubine ; Lady Liu, concubine ;
????	Yuan Keding ; Yuan Kewen ; 15 other sons ; 15 daughters ;
?????	?????, ???????????
??????	???????????????????????????? ; ??????????????????????????? ;
??????????
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??????	?????????? (1881?1912) ; Republic of China (1912?1915, 1916) ; Empire of China (1915?1916) ;
??????	???????????????
????????	1881?1916
??	?????
???????	??????????????? ; ??????????????? ; ?????????????????????????????? ; ????????? ; ???????????????? ; ????????????????????? ; Bai Lang Rebellion ; National Protection War ;
???????? ???????
???????
?????????	12 ??????? 1915 ? 22 ?????? 1916
????????	????????????????????????
?????	????????????????????????
????????????	??? ?????????

???????? ??????? ( ????????? : 袁世? ; ?????????? : 袁世凱 ; ?????? : Yuan Shik?i ; 16 ??????? ?.?. 1859 ? 6 ???????? ?.?. 1916) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? (溥儀) ???????????????? ?.?. 1911 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1912 ^[1] ????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1915?1916 ????????????? ????????????????? (洪憲皇帝)

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ????????????????????? (張營村) ???? ????????????? (?城市), ??????????? (陳州), ??????????? (河南省) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 16 ???????? ?????????????????????????? (袁寨村) ??????????? ^[2]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[3] ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????? (淮軍) ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ?.?. 1880 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[4] ??????????????? ??????????? (?州) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 1876 ????????????????????? ????? (于) ??? ????? ??????? (于義上) ????? ?.?. 1878 ??????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? (袁克定) ??????????? ??????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????? ^[5]

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? 1870 ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? (Joseon Dynasty) ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? (Heungseon Daewongun) ?????????? ????????????? (Emperor Gojong) ?????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? (Empress Myeongseong) ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? (Meiji Restoration) ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? (Treaty of Ganghwa) ???????????? ?.?. 1876 ????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Hanseong) ???????????????????? ??????? (Incheon) ??? ??????? (Wonsan) ??? ???? ????? (李鴻章) ???????? ????????????? (直?總督) ?????????????????????? 3,000 ?????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????

??????? ?.?. 1885 ???????? ??????? ????????????????????????????? (Imperial Resident) ??????? ^[6] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ???? ????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? (天津) ?????????????? ?.?. 1894 ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????? 15 ?? ^[7]^[8]^[9]

?????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? (新軍) ???????????????? ?.?. 1895 ????????????????????????????? ^[10] ????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1901 ?????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ^[4] ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? ????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? (光?帝) ?????? ???????????????? (百日維新) ???????????????????????? ????????????? (慈禧太后) ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????-???????? (?和園) ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (康有?) ??? ??? ?????? (譚嗣同) ??????????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????? 20 ??????? ?.?. 1898 ???????? ??????? ???????????????????????????? ?????? (榮祿) ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? 21 ??????? ?.?. 1898 ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ? ?????????-???????? (涵元殿) ?????? ?????? (瀛台) ???????????? ??????????????????? (中南海) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????? (山東巡撫)

???????????????????????????? ???? ????????? (庚子拳亂) ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????, ??????, ??? ??????????? (慶親王) ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[11] ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (直?) ?????????????????? ???????? (保定) ^[12] ??????????????????????????? ?.?. 1902 ^[13]

???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????? (?南) ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?.?. 1902 ????????????????????? ????????????? (直?總督) ??? ??????????????????????? (北洋通商大臣) ^[14] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? (北洋) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? 2,000 ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? (Boxer Protocol) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????? (學部) ??????????? (巡警部) ????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????

?? ?.?. 1905 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 27 ??????? ?.?. 1908 ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1916 ??????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1917 ^[15]

?????????????? ?.?. 1908 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[6] ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1909 ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (洹上村) ?? ?????????? (安?市) ????????????? ??????? (載?) ??????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????

???????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? (段祺瑞) ???????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal , The University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774837781 .
↑ "Yuan Shikai | Qing Dynasty | International Politics" . Scribd (??????????) . ??????????? 2018-05-23 .
↑ Bonavia 34
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China , W.W. Norton and Company. p. 274. ISBN 0-393-97351-4 .
↑ 袁世?：一妻九妾 . ?易 (???????). ?易 (163.com). 6 June 2008. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2018-10-21 . ??????????? 2 May 2011 .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Busky, Donald F. (2002) Communism in History and Theory , Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97733-1 .
↑ MAO Min (2017). The Revival of China, Volume 1 . Mao Min. p. 52.
↑ Zhong Liu (2004). Thorny Road to Dignity: Surviving Mao: A Chinese Psychiatrist Embraces a Miracle in America . iUniverse. p. 97. ISBN 0595319777 .
↑ Steven T. Au (1999). Beijing Odyssey: Based on the Life and Times of Liang Shiyi, a Mandarin in China's Transition from Monarchy to Republic (illustrated ed.). Mayhaven Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 1878044680 .
↑ "Yuan Shikai: The leader of the Beiyang Army" . China.org.cn . 18 September 2011 . ??????????? 22 May 2018 .
↑ Zhitian Luo (30 January 2015). Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China . BRILL. pp. 19?. ISBN 978-90-04-28766-2 .
↑ Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military , page 94
↑ Ch?en, Jerome Yuan Shih-k?ai , page 76-77
↑ Bonavia 35
↑ Tanner, Harold Miles. China: A History . Hackett Publishing (2009) ISBN 0872209156 Pages 408?410.

?????????? [ ??? ]

Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life . Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p. 14 retrieved 12 March 2011
Bonavia, David. China's Warlords . New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-586179-5
Ch'en, Jerome (1961). Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1859?1916: Brutus Assumes the Purple . London: George Allen & Unwin; Reprinted: Stanford University Press, 1971. online free to borrow
Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal (U of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0774837781 )
Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The Search for Modern China . New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 282.
Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895?1899." Chinese Historical Review 26.1 (2019): 37?54

??????? [ ??? ]

Clubb, O. Edmund. 20th century China (1965) online pp. 40?60.
Koji, Hirata. "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912?1914." Modern Asian Studies 47.3 (2013): 895?934.
Lowe, Peter. "Great Britain, Japan and the Fall of Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1915-1916" Historical Journal 13#4 (1970), pp. 706?20 online
MacKinnon, Stephen R. (1992). Power and Politics in Late Imperial China: Yuan Shikai in Beijing and Tianjin, 1901?08 . University of California Press. ISBN 0520040252 .
Palmer. Norman D. "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan Shih-kai" Current History (Sep 1948): 15#85 pp. 149?55. in Proquest.
Putnam Weale, B. L. The Fight For The Republic In China (1917) online
Rankin, Mary Backus. "State and society in early republican politics, 1912?18." China Quarterly 150 (1997): 260?81. online
Yim, Kwanha. "Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Japanese." Journal of Asian Studies 24.1 (1964): 63?73 online .
Young, Ernest P. (1977). The Presidency of Yuan Shih-K'ai: Liberalism and Dictatorship in Early Republican China . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472089951 .
Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895?1899." Chinese Historical Review 26.1 (2019): 37?54.

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Early support for Yuan among overseas Chinese
The Fight for the Republic in China by Bertram Lenox Simpson ??? ????????????????? This etext first published in 1917 contains a detailed account of Yuan Shikai, his rise and fall.
Map of Yuan's mausoleum.
?????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????????????????????? 20 ??? ZBW

??????????????: ?????????? <ref> ??????????????? "????????" ???????????????? <references group="????????"/> ??????????????

[2] Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal , The University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774837781 .

[3] "Yuan Shikai | Qing Dynasty | International Politics" . Scribd (??????????) . ??????????? 2018-05-23 .

[4] Bonavia 34

[Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274-5] 4.0 ^4.1 Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China , W.W. Norton and Company. p. 274. ISBN 0-393-97351-4 .

[6] 袁世?：一妻九妾 . ?易 (???????). ?易 (163.com). 6 June 2008. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2018-10-21 . ??????????? 2 May 2011 .

[Busky-7] 6.0 ^6.1 Busky, Donald F. (2002) Communism in History and Theory , Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97733-1 .

[8] MAO Min (2017). The Revival of China, Volume 1 . Mao Min. p. 52.

[9] Zhong Liu (2004). Thorny Road to Dignity: Surviving Mao: A Chinese Psychiatrist Embraces a Miracle in America . iUniverse. p. 97. ISBN 0595319777 .

[10] Steven T. Au (1999). Beijing Odyssey: Based on the Life and Times of Liang Shiyi, a Mandarin in China's Transition from Monarchy to Republic (illustrated ed.). Mayhaven Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 1878044680 .

[11] "Yuan Shikai: The leader of the Beiyang Army" . China.org.cn . 18 September 2011 . ??????????? 22 May 2018 .

[Luo2015-12] Zhitian Luo (30 January 2015). Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China . BRILL. pp. 19?. ISBN 978-90-04-28766-2 .

[13] Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military , page 94

[14] Ch?en, Jerome Yuan Shih-k?ai , page 76-77

[15] Bonavia 35

[16] Tanner, Harold Miles. China: A History . Hackett Publishing (2009) ISBN 0872209156 Pages 408?410.

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[2]

[3]

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[7]

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[13]

[14]

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? ? ? ???????????? ????????????????
?????????????? (?.?. 1912?1913)	??? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????????????? (?.?. 1913–1928)	???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????
?????????????? (?.?. 1928–1948)	??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????
??????????????????? ???????????????? (?.?. 1948?1996)	????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????
??????????????????? ??????????????? (??????? ?.?. 1996)	???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????
???????? ??????????????????????????? ????? → ??? → ??? → ??? → ???? → ?????? → ???? / ???????? → ????? / ??? → ??? → ??? → ?????? → ?????? / ??? / ???????????? / ??? → ???? → ???? → ??? → ???????????? / ???????????????????