????? ??????????
????
????? ??????????
(?????? :
North Macedonia
), ????????????
????? ?????????? ????????
(?????? :
Republic of North Macedonia
). (1992-2019
?????????
(?????? : Macedonia), ????????????
?????????? ????????
(?????? : Republic of Macedonia))
?????
???? ????
??????? ????????
?? ?? ????. ???
????????????
????? ?????????? ???????? ????.
[3]
[4]
????
???????????? ????
. 1991?? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. 1993 ?? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????.??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????.???? ????????? " ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ".
[5]
[6]
???? ???????????????
????????
,
??????
, ????????????????
?????????
, ????????????????
??????
, ????????????????
?????????
?????? ???????.
[7]
???? ???????
?????????
. 2004 ????? ??????? ??????? 5,06,926.
(???????????? ???.??.???.?.??., ??.??.???. ???????????? ?????????????????????), ????????? ???????,
[8]
" ??????? ??? ????? ",
[9]
???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????????????????.
[10]
?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????
??????
, ???????????????
????????
, ????????????????
?????????
, ????????????????
??????
, ????????????????
?????????
???? ???????????? ???????.
[11]
??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ?????, ????? ???????. ???????, ???????? ???? ????????. ??????? ???? 2.06 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? 25% ???????. ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??????, ????????, ?????? ???????.
?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????-?????????? ??????.
[12]
????.??.6 ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????.??. 2 ? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??????????
?????????
(?????? ?????) ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? 6 ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ??????????, ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? 14 ? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????. 1912 ??????, 20 ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????. 1912, 1913 ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (1914-1918) ??? ???????????? " ??????-??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (1945) ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? , " ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? 1991 ?? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????.
?????????? ????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????????. 2005 ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
????????? ??????
[
??????
]
???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? " ????????? " ?????? ????.
[13]
[14]
????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????????? ???????) ????? ????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? (????????) ????? ????????. ???? ????? "???? ?????"
[15]
?????? " ???????? " (???? ?????? ??? ?????) ????.
[16]
?????? ???????? "??????, ??????". ? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????????? "?????????????" ???? "?????? ??????" ??????????????? ??????????????.
[14]
[17]
[18]
??????? ??????? ???. ??. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????-????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????.
[19]
?????? , ????? ????
[
??????
]
" ????????? ??? ?????????? " ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
?? ????????? ????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????.
[24]
?????????? ??????? ?????? (????????? ??????) ??????????.
[25]
?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????.?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????.
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
?????????????? 6 ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????.
[32]
????.?? 479 ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????.??? ????????
?????????? ???????? ??????.
????.?? 356 ?? " ???????? ????? ?????? " ??????????
[33]
???? ?????????? (????????????, ??????????), ???????? (???????????) ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????.
[34]
?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? " ?????? " ???? ?????????????. ????? ????, ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????.
[35]
??????? ????.??. 146 ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ("????? ??????????") ???? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? (?????????? ?????????, "????? ??????????" ??? ???? ??????????) ??? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????;
[36]
?????? ??????? ????????? (??.?.81-96) ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????.
[37]
????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????????.
[38]
???? ???? , ??????? ????
[
??????
]
???????? ?????? 6 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????. 580 ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ????? 680 ?????????, ????????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????.
[39]
?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.?????? 9 ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (????? ??????;?????????) ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????.
1014 ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? 7 ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? (???????????? ???) ?????????? ???????????????. ????? 12 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????. ?????? 1080 ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????.
13 ? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????. 14 ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. 14 ? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????????. " ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????.
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? , ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. 14 ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????.
[40]
??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????.
??????????? ????????
[
??????
]
18 ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ????????,
[41]
?????? ????????, ?????? ???????????
[42]
?????? ??????????,
[43]
?????? ???????.
1870 ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ???????, ??????, ???????, ?????? , ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????.
[44]
19 ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? " ???????? ?????????? ??????????? " ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????-????????????? ?????????? ??????????? (???.??.?.???.?)?? ???????. 1905 ?? ??? ???????? ???????????-???????????? ??????????? ??????????? (?.??.?.???.?) ?? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? (?.??.???.?) , ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? (?.??.???.? ) ?? ?????????????.
[45]
????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????.
[46]
????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????.
[47]
1903 ?? ?.??.???.?. ??????????? ??????????? ???????? - ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??? "???????? ?????????" ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????.
[48]
???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????????????? ????????????????.
[49]
[50]
[51]
???????? ?????? , ????????????
[
??????
]
1912, 1913 ??? ????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?????????, ????????? ???? ??????????????.
[52]
?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? "?????? ????????" ??? ???? ????????. ????? ??????
????????
,
??????
?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
[53]
???? ??????? 641 ?????????? ????????, 761 ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. ????? ????????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????????????????.
[53]
?????????? (????? ??????????? ???????????? ???) ?????????? ??????????????.1915 ??????
?????????
????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????.
[53]
????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????.
[54]
?????????? ?????? (1913-1915) ??????????-???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? : ?????????? ???????????, ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????????????,, ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????.
[53]
[55]
[56]
?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????, ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????.
[57]
? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? 50,000 ???? ????????? ????????, ?????????????? ???????????? ??????.
[53]
1940 ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? 280 ???????? ??????? (4,200 ????????? ????????) ?????????? (??????? ??????????? 50,000 ????????? ???????????? ????????????).
[53]
1929 ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? " ?????? ?????????? " ???????????.
[58]
??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? (?.??.???.?.) (???????????)?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ???? ??????? - ?????? ??????????????, ??????????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? - ??????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????????????.
[59]
1918 ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????.
[60]
????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? . 1924 ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? "???????? ??????????" ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ????????????? ?????????????.
[61]
?.??.???.?. ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. 1923 ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????, ?.??.???.?. ??????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? (??.???.?.) ??????? ?.??.???.?., ??.??.??.???.?. ??? ??????????????.
[62]
?????????? ?????? ????????????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.
[63]
1934 ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????.
[64]
????? ?????? ??????
[
??????
]
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 1941 ????? 1945 ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ????, ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????.
[65]
? ??????? ???????? ?.??.???.?. ????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????????.
[66]
[67]
???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????
[67]
[68]
???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????.
[69]
?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????
[70]
????????, ???????? 7,000 ?????????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???????????.
[71]
1943 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??????????????.
[72]
1944 ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
[73]
[74]
1944 ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????.
[75]
????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 4,55,000 ?????? ???????????????, ?????????????????????????. 1944 ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ????? ????, ????????, ???????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????.
[76]
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? 1945 ?? ?????? ???????????? " ???????? ???????????? " ???????? ???????????????.
????????? ???????????? ????
[
??????
]
1944 ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? (?.???.???.?.??.) ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????.
[77]
?????? ??????? ???? ?.???.???.?.??. ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ???? ???? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????.
????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????. 1963 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????.
[78]
[79]
[80]
???????? ??? ?????? (1946-1949) ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. 1991 ?? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? "?????????" ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????.
???????? ??????
[
??????
]
???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???? 1991 ?????????? 8 ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? (??????????: ???? ? ??????????????) ?? ?????????????.
[81]
?????? 2 ? ???????? ?????????? (??????? ????? ??) ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??.?. 1992 ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????.
[82]
1990 ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????. ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? 3,60,000 ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. 1999 ??
??????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????.
[83]
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????????.
[83]
[84]
?????????? ???????
[
??????
]
2001 ????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ????????.
[84]
[85]
[86]
? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.
[87]
?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???.???.?.??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????.
[88]
????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ?????? 25,713 ?.??.?? (9,928 ?.??) ????. ??? 40 ° ????? 43 ° ????? ????????, 20 ° ????? 23 ° ?????? ??????? (????? ??????? 23 ° ??????) ???? ???????. ?????????????? ???? ?????? (159 ???? ???? 99 ??),
?????????
(148 ??.??. ???? 92 ??????), ??????????????
????????
(62 ??.?? ???? 39 ??) ?? ???????.
???????????? 748 ??.?? (465 ??) ???????????????
??????
(228 ??????????? ???? 142 ??????), ???????????????
?????????
(151 ???? ???? 94 ??????). ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ???? ????? ????, ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????????? (??????), ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????.
?????????
[
??????
]
?????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????, ?????????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? - ???? ???????, ???? ????????, ???????? ?????? - ???????. ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????.
[89]
? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????. ????? ?????? 1963 ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? 1,000 ?????????? ??????????.
???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????: ??????? ???? ????????
[90]
[91]
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? (???? ???????, ??????, ??????, ????????) ???? ????????????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ???????-???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????-???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? 2,764 ?? (9,068 ???????), ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????.
?????????? ??????????? 1,100 ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????: ??????, ???????????, ???? ???????.
[92]
?????? ?????? ??????????. ??? 22.875 ????? ?????????? (8,523 ?.??) ????????? ???????? 87% ????????????. ? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? 80% ?????? ???? 20,459 ????? ?????????? (7,899 ????? ??????) ??????? ???????. ???? ?????????????, ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? '?? ?????? ??????' ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????.
??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? 3,320 ?.??.?? (1,282 ?.??) ??????????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? 13%. ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????.
???? ??????? ??????? 37 ?.???? (14 ????? ??????) ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????????.
???????????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????????, ???? ???????, ???? ????????, ???? ???????? ???????.
???????????? ???????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ???????: ????????, ?????? ????????, ?????????????, ?????????, ????????, ???????????, ???? ??????, ??????????? ????, ??????.
????????
[
??????
]
?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????. ??????????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? 500 ??.?? (19.7 ??) ???? ??????? ?????? 1,700 ??.?? (66.9 ??) ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????: ???????, ?????, ?????? ????. ??????, ?????????? ???? ????? ???????, ???????, ???????, ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ????????? 40 ° ??????????? (104 ° ??) ???? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????.??? ?????, ???? ??????????, ?????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ?????????, ?????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????.
?????? ??????
[
??????
]
?????? ???? " ????? ??????????? " ???????.
????
|
??????
|
???????
|
??????
|
??????
|
????????
|
1948
|
731?.??.??
|
|
|
???????
|
1958
|
227?.??.??
|
|
|
?????????
|
1948
|
125?.??.??
|
|
|
?????????
[
??????
]
?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? 210 ?????????, 920 ??????, 3,700 ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? 3,200 ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (350 ??????), ???????? ???????.
?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????: ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????.
?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? 88% ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? 30% ???????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????: ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ???-???? ???? ?????? 1893 ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????.
?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ????????, ??????, ??????????, ???????, ????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? 14 ???????? ???????? ????? ????, ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????.
[93]
????????
[
??????
]
????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????????, ???? ??????, ????????, ??????, ??????, ????????, ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ????, ????, ???? ??????, ????????? ???, ???? ????????.
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????????, ????, ??????, ????????? ????? 30 ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ???, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????????: ??? ?????????? ???????
[94]
[95]
??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ? ?????? ?????? 10 ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????.
[95]
??????? ??????
[
??????
]
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????? (?????????? ???????) ?? ????????? ????????.
[96]
[97]
[98]
??? ?????? 60 ??????????? (2.0 ??????) ????????,
[96]
?? ????????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???? 1976 ?? "????????? ?????????" ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????, 1956 ????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????.
[96]
[97]
[98]
??????????
[
??????
]
???????????? 2009 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? 178 ???????? ?????? "????????? ??????? ????"?? ????? ???????. ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????.
[99]
?????? ???????????? ?????? ??.??.??.?? 90% ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. 1996 ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? 2005 ?? ??.??.??.?? 3.1% ?????????. ? ????? 2006-2010 ?????? ????? 5.2% ?????????.
[100]
2006 ?? ??????????? ???? 3% ??????? ????? , 2007 ?? 2%,
[99]
???????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? , ????? , ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????. ??????? (???.??.?.???.). ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. 2007 ?? ?????? ????? ???? 12%?? ???? , ??? 2008 ?? 10%?? ?????????????.
[101]
[102]
? ????????? ??????????? 2005 ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? 37.2%,
[103]
??????? 2006 ?????? 22%?? ????.
[100]
??????? ???? ????? ?????? , ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? , ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? 2015 ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 27.3%?? ????????.
[104]
?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? , ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????: ??????? ?????????? ????. ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????. ??????? ??.??.??.????, ?????????? ????., ?????????????? ??????, ???????????? & ??????????, ??????????????? ??.??.??.????, ????????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ??????.,?? ?????? ????????? ????., ?.??.??????- ??????????? ??.??.??.????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????????.
?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ???? ??????? 72% ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? "???????" ???? "???? ????????" ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????.
[105]
???????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ???? " ???? ???????? " ??.??.??.?? ?????? 20%?? ????? ?????????.
[106]
??.??.??. ???????? ??????? 2013 ?????? ??????? ????, ???????, ??????? ???? 21.4% 21.4% ????? 2012 ?? 21.1% ?????????. ??????? ?????, ???? ???? 2013 ?? ??.??.??.?? 18.2% 2012 ?? 16.7% ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? 9.1% ????? 9.6% ????????? ????????.
[107]
?????? ???????? ??????? 2014 ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, "???????? , ??????? ??????????" 21.4% ????. ?????? "??????????? , ????? ????????" ?????? 21.1% ???? ????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 2014 ?? 34.2%, "????????? , ????? ????????" 18.7%??, "???? ???????, ??????? , ??????? ???????" ?????? ???????? 14.4%?? "???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. 2014 ?? ?????? ???????? 68.8% ???? ?????????? ????? ????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? (???????? 23.3%, ??.??.?? 7.9%, ?????? ?? 7.3%, ?????? 6.2%, ????????) ). 2014 ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 12% ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
[108]
??.???.$ 9,157 ????? ??.??.??.??, ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????? ??????? 0.701 ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.
?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? 2014 ?? ??.?? ?????? 36% ????.
[109]
Infrastructure and e-infrastructure
[
??????
]
?????????? (
???????????
,
????????
, ????????????,
?????????
????) ????
????????????
?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????.
????????
?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????
??????
?????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ??? ???????? 2007 ?? ???????????? 63.8% ?????????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.
[110]
???????? , ???????????
[
??????
]
?????????? ????????,
????????
,
???????????
??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? 60% ????? ????. 1994-95?? ????????? ???
??????
??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. 1995 ????????
????????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? 1999 ????
??????
??????, 2001 ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????.
?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. (?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????.) ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????
[111]
???? ????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????, 20,000 ???? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????.
[
????? ??????
]
????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.
[112]
??? ???? ?????????? ???????
??????
,
????
,
???????? ????????
,
??????????
,
?????????
,
?????
?????????? ?????????????.
Transport
[
??????
]
?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? (??????????????? ???????) ???????????????. ??????????? ?????-??????, ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.
?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? 699 ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? - ??????? - ???????? - ?????? - ?????????? - ?????? ?? ????????. 2001 ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????. - ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????, ????????.
???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? 1992 ?? ??.??.??. ???????????? ??????????????. 1993 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? 1997 ??.??.??. ???????????? " ??????????? ???????? ", ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????.??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????.
?????????? ??????????? ??????????? 17 ????????????? ???????. ?????? 11 ?? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????????, ??????? "??????? ???? ?? ?????????" ????????????? ?.?.??.?. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????.
????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????.???? ???, ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? 7,00,000 ???? ??????????? ?????????????.
[113]
????????
[
??????
]
Ethnic groups in 2002
|
|
|
|
Macedonians
|
|
64.18%
|
Albanians
|
|
25.17%
|
Turks
|
|
3.85%
|
Romani
|
|
2.66%
|
Serbs
|
|
1.78%
|
Bosniaks
|
|
0.84%
|
Aromanians
|
|
0.48%
|
other
|
|
1.04%
|
The above table shows ethnic affiliation of the population according to the 2002 census:
[114]
|
2002 ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? 20,22,547.
[114]
2009 ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? 20,50,671 ????.
[115]
?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????????? 80,000 ????? ????????? ??????? 1,70,000 - 2,00,000 ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? 2,60,000 ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????.
[116]
Religion in Macedonia (2002)
[117]
Others/None (1.5%)
?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. ??????? 65% ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? 0.4% ???????. ????????? 33.3% ????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? 5? ???????? ????. ????? 4 ?????????
??????
(96%),
[118]
?????
(90%),
[119]
?????????
, (59%),
[120]
????????
(51%) ???????.
[121]
?????????? ????????????, ??????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ??????? "
???? ????????
" ?????? ??????? ??????? 1.4% ??????????????.
[122]
???????? 2011 ????? ?????? ?????? 1,842 ???????, 580 ??????? ???????.
[123]
????????, ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????????? ??????? 10 ???????? (?????? ???, ???? ??????????) 10 ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ?????? 10 ???????, 350 ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? 30,000 ???? ???????? ?????????????.
1967 ?? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????.
?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? "??????????? ??????????? ????? " ???????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????" ??????? ???? ????? ???????? 18 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????????.
[124]
?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 11,000 ???? ??????????? ???????. ? ????? 1918 ?? ??????????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ????????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ????????????.
[125]
?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ????. ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????. 19 ? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ????. 1980 ? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 7,200 ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????: ????? 2% ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????.
[126]
???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? 200 ???? ???????. ???? ?????????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? - ????????, ??????, ????????? ????? ?????????????? 15 ? ???????? ????????? ???????.
2002 ????? ?????? ??????? 0-4 ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? 46.5% ????????? ???????.
[127]
???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????.??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 20% ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??-?????? ???? ????? ???????.
[128]
??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????????, ???? ??????????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????. ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ????? 20% ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????????.??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[
????? ??????
]
???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????????????. ???????? ????? ???????????, ??????????, ??????, ??????? (??????? ?????
[129]
), ???????? / ?????????, ?????????? (????????-??????????? ???) ???????.
[130]
[131]
[132]
[133]
[134]
[135]
?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
[136]
[137]
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????.
????? ????? ?????? ??????? 13,44,815 ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????. 5,07,989 ???? ?????? ??????????, 71,757 ???????, 38,528 ??????, 6,884 ??????????, 24,773 ?????????, 8,560 ?????????, 19,241 ??? ?????? ??????????.
[138]
Education
[
??????
]
The higher levels of education can be obtained at one of the five state universities:
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
,
St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola
,
Goce Del?ev University of ?tip
,
State University of Tetovo
and
University for Information Science and Technology "St. Paul The Apostle" in Ohrid
. There are a number of private university institutions, such as the European University,
[139]
Slavic University in
Sveti Nikole
, the
South East European University
and others.
The
United States Agency for International Development
has underwritten a project called "Macedonia Connects" which has made Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world. The Ministry of Education and Sciences reports that 461 schools (primary and secondary) are now connected to the internet.
[140]
In addition, an
Internet service provider
(On.net), has created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country. The national library of Macedonia,
National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"
, is in Skopje.
The Macedonian
education system
consists of:
????????
[
??????
]
?????????? ??, ????????????, ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?????????? ??????, ???????????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?????????? 11 ? - 16 ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ?????, ??????????? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????? 1947 ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? 20 ???????? ?????????. 1972 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.
[141]
?????????? ???????????? ???????- ??????? (??????), ??????????? (???????) ??? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????????, ??????, ?????? ????? (???????? ?????????) ??????? ???????????? ?????????.
[142]
???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????.
???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? (????????) ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????, ??????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????, ???????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????.
???????????? ?????????? ???? ????, ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????.
???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????. 2002 ?? ?????? ???????? ?.????.???. ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????. 2008 ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. ????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. 2016-17??? ???.??. ???????? ?.????.???. ?????????? ???? ????????. 2002 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????.
???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. 1992 ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ??? 1993 ?? ???.?.??.?.?? ???????. 2011 ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????. ??? 2011 ?? 4 ? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????.
??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????.
[143]
???????????
[
??????
]
??????????? ??? ????? ??????????? 110 ????????? ?????? ????.
[
????? ??????
]
????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? 1895 ?? " ???? ???? ??????? ????? " ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????????. ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????. ? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? 1952 ?? ??????????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? 1958 ?? ??????????. ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????-????-???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? 5,00,000 ???????? ??????? ????????????. 1994 ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? " ?????? ?? ???? " ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ????????.
???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? " ???? ?????????? " 1944 ????? ?????????????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????????????: ??????????? ????????, ??????????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ?? ?????, ??????????? ??????, ???. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????-????????? ??????? ?????? 1993 ?? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ??.??. (1989) ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????: ??????, ?????? 5, ??????, ????? ????, ???????- ??.
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??????????
[
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]
?????????? , ??????
[
??????
]
- ↑
"Languages Law passed in Parliament"
.
macedoniaonline.eu
. 2008-07-26. Archived from
the original
on 2012-09-21
. Retrieved
2008-07-27
.
Using the Badenter principles, the Parliament had passed the use of languages law that will touch all ethnicities in Macedonia. The law doesn't allow for use of Albanian or any other minority language as a second official language on Macedonia's territory.
- ↑
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
.
- ↑
UN Resolutions #817 of April 7 and #845 of June 18 of 1993, see
UN resolutions made on 1993
- ↑
"Note on Yugoslavia"
. Retrieved
2008-05-10
.
"
By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.
"
- ↑
United Nations, A/RES/47/225
, 8 April 1993
- ↑
United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817
of 7 April and 845 June 18 of 1993, see
UN resolutions made on 1993
- ↑
The Republic of Macedonia - BASIC FACTS
Archived
2008-11-16 at the
Wayback Machine
, Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs
- ↑
"The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
. Archived from
the original
on 27 ?????? 2016
. Retrieved
12 March
2016
.
- ↑
"
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ? 47 States, one Europe
"
. Retrieved
12 March
2016
.
- ↑
"NATO's relations with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
. Retrieved
12 March
2016
.
- ↑
The Republic of Macedonia ? BASIC FACTS
, Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs
Archived
16 ?????? 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
"Paeonia - historical region"
.
- ↑
Μακεδον?α
, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
A Greek-English Lexicon
, on Perseus
- ↑
14.0
14.1
Macedonia
, Online Etymology Dictionary
- ↑
μακεδν??
, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
A Greek-English Lexicon
, on Perseus
- ↑
μακρ??
, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
A Greek-English Lexicon
, on Perseus
- ↑
Eugene N. Borza
,
Makedonika
, Regina Books,
ISBN
0-941690-65-2
, p.114: The "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin both to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".
- ↑
Nigel Guy Wilson,
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
, Routledge, 2009, p.439: The latest archaeological findings
have confirmed that Macedonia took its name from a tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi.
- ↑
Beekes, Robert
(2010),
Etymological Dictionary of Greek
, vol. II, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894
- ↑
Ovid (2005). Green, Peter (ed.).
The Poems of Exile: Tristia and the Black Sea Letters
. University of California Press. p.
319
.
ISBN
0520242602
.
Ovid was lax in his geography, not least over Paeonia (in fact roughly coextensive with the present Slav republic of Macedonia).
- ↑
Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010).
A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
. John Wiley and Sons. p. 13.
ISBN
1-4051-7936-8
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
Reames, Jeanne; Howe, Timothy (2008).
Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza
. Regina Books. p. 239.
ISBN
1930053568
.
Having just conquered Paeonia (roughly where the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is today).
- ↑
Peshkopia, Ridvan (2015).
Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia
. Anthem Press. p. 189.
ISBN
0857283251
.
Indeed, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia encompasses little of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, which, in most part, overlaps with the current region of the contemporary Greece, but the name Macedonia "flowed" northward with the creation of Roman region of Macedonia, after the Romans occupied Greece in 168 BC. Besides the former kingdom of Macedon, the Roman region included the territories of Paeonia, where the contemporary FYR Macedonia rests.
- ↑
Strabo,
Geography
,
Book 7, Frg. 4:
- ↑
Bauer, Susan Wise:
The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome
(2007),
ISBN
0-393-05974-X
, page 518: "...to the north, Thracian tribes known collectively as the Paeonians."
- ↑
Willkes, John (1996).
The Illyrians
. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 49.
ISBN
978-0-631-19807-9
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
Sealey, Raphael (1976).
A history of the Greek city states, ca. 700-338 B.C.
University of California Press. p. 442.
ISBN
978-0-520-03177-7
.
- ↑
Evans, Thammy (2007).
Macedonia
. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 13.
ISBN
978-1-84162-186-9
.
- ↑
Borza, Eugene N. (8 September 1992).
In the shadow of Olympus: the emergence of Macedon
. Princeton University Press. pp. 74?75.
ISBN
978-0-691-00880-6
.
- ↑
Lewis, D.M, ed. (1994).
The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 723?724.
ISBN
978-0-521-23348-4
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman and N. G. L. Hammond,1982,
ISBN
0-521-23447-6
, page 284
- ↑
"Persian influence on Greece (2)"
. Archived from
the original
on 16 ???????? 2016
. Retrieved
17 December
2014
.
- ↑
Warfare in the ancient world: from the Bronze Age to the fall of Rome. By Stefan G. Chrissanthos, page 75
- ↑
Poulton, Hugh (23 February 2000).
Who are the Macedonians?
. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 14.
ISBN
978-1-85065-534-3
.
- ↑
Macedonia yesterday and today Author Giorgio Nurigiani, Publisher Teleurope, 1967 p. 77.
- ↑
A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, By Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, page 549
- ↑
"Encyclopædia Britannica ? Scopje"
. Britannica.com
. Retrieved
6 June
2011
.
- ↑
A. F. Christidis,
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.351: "Despite Roman domination, there was no retreat on the part of Greek tradition in the eastern part of the empire, and only in Macedonia did Latin spread in some extent".
- ↑
"Acta Sancti Demetrii", V 195?207, Гръцки извори за българската история, 3, стр. 159?166
- ↑
Nicol, Donald Macgillivray (1993).
The last Centuries of Byzantium, (1261?1453)
. Cambridge University Press. p. 500.
ISBN
978-0-521-43991-6
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
Phillips, John (2004).
Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
. I.B.Tauris. p.
41
.
ISBN
1-86064-841-X
.
- ↑
Becoming Bulgarian: The Articulation of Bulgarian Identity in the Nineteenth Century in its International Context: an Intellectual History, Ost-European studies, Janette Sampimon, Pegasus, 2006,
ISBN
90-6143-311-8
, p. 234.
- ↑
James Franklin Clarke, Dennis P. Hupchick ? "The pen and the sword: studies in Bulgarian history", Columbia University Press, 1988,
ISBN
0-88033-149-6
, page. 221 (...Peichinovich of Tetovo, Macedonia, author of one of the first Bulgarian books...)
- ↑
Gawrych, George Walter (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874?1913. I.B.Tauris. p. 28.
ISBN
1-84511-287-3
.
- ↑
Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8108-5565-8, p. 100
. Google Books
. Retrieved
14 November
2011
.
- ↑
Roth, Klaus; Brunnbauer, Ulf (1 January 2008).
"Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe"
. LIT Verlag Munster – via Google Books.
- ↑
Stanford J. Shaw (27 May 1977).
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808?1975
. Cambridge University Press. p. 209.
ISBN
978-0-521-29166-8
.
- ↑
There was even an attempt to form a kind of revolutionary government led by the socialist Nikola Karev. The Krushevo manifesto was declared, assuring the population that the uprising was against the Sultan and not against Muslims in general, and that all peoples would be included. As the population of Krushevo was two thirds hellenised Vlachs and Patriarchist Slavs, this was a wise move. Despite these promises, the insurgent flew Bulgarian flags everywhere and in many places the uprising did entail attacks on Muslim Turks and Albanians who themselves organised for self-defence." Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995,
ISBN
1850652384
, p. 57.
- ↑
In fact Macedonian historians as
Blaze Ristovski
have recognized, that the "government" of the "republic", nowadays a symbol of Macedonian statehood, was actually composed of people who identified themselves as
"Greeks", "Vlachs" and "Bulgarians"
. "We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe" Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009,
ISBN
9639776289
, p. 124.
- ↑
"The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
ISBN
0810862956
, Introduction.
- ↑
The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians.[...] (They) never seem to have doubted "the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". "The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world", Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997,
ISBN
0691043566
, p. 64.
- ↑
Nicolle 2008
, p. 162
harv error: no target: CITEREFNicolle2008 (
help
)
- ↑
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
Banac, Ivo (1984).
The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics
. London and Ithaka: Cornell University Press. p.
317
.
ISBN
0801416752
.
- ↑
"Kraljevina Jugoslavija! Novi naziv na?e dr?ave. No, mi smo itak med seboj vedno dejali Jugoslavija, ?etudi je bilo na vseh uradnih listih Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev. In tudi drugi narodi, kakor Nemci in Francozi, so pisali ?e prej v svojih listih mnogo o Jugoslaviji. 3. oktobra, ko je kralj Aleksander podpisal "Zakon o nazivu in razdelitvi kraljevine na upravna obmo?ja", pa je bil naslov kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev za vedno izbrisan." (Na? rod ("Our Generation", a monthly Slovenian language periodical), Ljubljana 1929/30, ?t. 1, str. 22, letnik I.)
- ↑
Dejan Djoki?, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918?1992
, p. 123,
?????? ??????
????
- ↑
R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the twentieth century?and after
, p. 20,
?????? ??????
????
- ↑
"An article by Dimiter Vlahov about the persecution of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia"
. newspaper "Balkanska federatsia", No. 140, 20 August 1930, Vienna, original in Bulgarian
. Retrieved
2007-08-03
.
- ↑
War of words: Washington tackles the Yugoslav conflict
, p. 43,
?????? ??????
????
- ↑
Fischer, Bernd Jurgen (1 January 2007).
"Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe"
. Purdue University Press – via Google Books.
- ↑
Gerginov, Kr., Bilyarski, Ts. Unpublished documents for Todor Alexandrov's activities 1910?1919, magazine VIS, book 2, 1987, p.214 ? Гергинов, Кр. Билярски, Ц. Непубликувани документи за дейността на Тодор Александров 1910?1919, сп. ВИС, кн. 2 от 1987, с. 214.
- ↑
Victor Roudometof,
Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question
, Praeger, 2002 p.100
- ↑
Vassil Karloukovski.
"Гиза, Антони, "Балканските държави и Македония", Македонски Научен Институт София, 2001 г"
. Promacedonia.org
. Retrieved
28 April
2010
.
- ↑
Bechev, Dimitar (13 April 2009).
"Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia"
. Scarecrow Press – via Google Books.
- ↑
Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228?229.
- ↑
Bulgarian Campaign Committees in Macedonia ? 1941
Dimitre Mi?ev
- ↑
"Forming of the Local Campaign Committees"
.
kroraina.com
.
- ↑
67.0
67.1
Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Valentina Georgieva, Sasha Konechni, Scarecrow Press, 1998
,
ISBN
0-8108-3336-0
, p. 223.
- ↑
Hugh Poulton (1995).
Who are the Macedonians?
. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 102.
ISBN
978-1-85065-238-0
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
Miller, Marshall Lee (1975).
Bulgaria during the Second World War
. Stanford University Press. p. 314.
ISBN
978-0-8047-0870-8
. Retrieved
2016-02-10
.
- ↑
Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to
Nazi concentration camps
, but under German pressure those Jews from their newly annexed territories without Bulgarian citizenship were deported, such as those from Vardar Macedonia and
Western Thrace
.
The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ↑
Mark Cohen,
The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry
, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ↑
This policy changed after 1943 with the arrival of Tito's envoy Montenegrin Serb Svetozar Vukmanovi?-Tempo. He began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian rule and sharply criticised Sharlo's pro-Bulgarian policy. At a meeting of the partisan brigades, as well as a group of battalions in the Resen region on 21 December 1943, Tempo makes the following comments about Shatorov and the leadership of the MCP: "They thought that the Macedonian people were Bulgarians and that they were oppressed by the hegemony of Great Serbia and had to be transferred to Bulgaria. Their basic slogan is: 'All non-Macedonians out of Macedonia'. The capital J [Serbo-Croatian spelling of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian, etc.] was deleted from all documents. In fact they did not want Yugoslavia, no matter where it stood politically. When the war started, the initial decision of this leadership was to be separate from Yugoslavia and from Tito. They declared that Macedonia would be free as soon as the Bulgarians came...."
- ↑
"НОБ на Македони?а" ?ован Поповски. Скоп?е, 1962
- ↑
"Истори?а на Македонскиот Народ" Александар Сто?ановски, Иван Катар?иев, Данчо Зографски. Скоп?е, 1988
- ↑
History of Bulgaria, Petar Delev et al., 2001, p.364
- ↑
"Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941?45"
. Bloomsbury USA. 13 March 1995 – via Google Books.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Мичев, Добрин. Партизанското движение във Вардарска Македония, 1941?1944 г. сп. Македонски преглед, кн. 2, стр. 5?40.
- ↑
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 ? Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia
???:Mk icon
- ↑
Устав Федеративне Народне Републике ?угослави?е (1946),
sr.wikisource.org
, retrieved on 19 October 2007.
???:Hbs icon
- ↑
Устав Соци?алистичке Федеративне Републике ?угослави?е (1963),
sr.wikisource.org
, retrieved on 19 October 2007.
???:Hbs icon
- ↑
Nohlen, D
& Stover, P (2010)
Elections in Europe: A data handbook
, p1278
ISBN
978-3-8329-5609-7
- ↑
"Recognition of States: Annex 3"
. Web.archive.org. Archived from
the original
on 15 ???????? 2005
. Retrieved 14 ????? 2018
.
- ↑
83.0
83.1
Thomas, Nigel (2006).
The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo And Macedonia 1992?2001
. Osprey Publishing.
- ↑
84.0
84.1
"Who are the rebels?"
.
BBC News
. 20 March 2001.
- ↑
"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 ? Book XIII, Skopje, 2005"
(PDF)
. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.
- ↑
Huggler, Justin (12 March 2001).
"KLA veterans linked to latest bout of violence in Macedonia"
.
The Independent
. London
. Retrieved
4 April
2010
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002).
"The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments"
(PDF)
.
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe
(1/2002). Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2015-09-23
. Retrieved
2015-05-18
.
- ↑
[1]
- ↑
"Macedonian Ministry of Environment"
. Web.archive.org. Archived from
the original
on 19 ????? 2008
. Retrieved 16 ???????? 2018
.
- ↑
Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Britannica's article about Sar Mountains"
. Britannica.com
. Retrieved
28 April
2010
.
- ↑
"Sar Mountains on the Euratlas map of the Europe's most significant mountain ranges"
. Euratlas.com
. Retrieved
28 April
2010
.
- ↑
"Macedonia"
. Mymacedonia.net. Archived from
the original
on 23 ???????? 2010
. Retrieved
25 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Macedonian Flora"
. Macedonia.co.uk. Archived from
the original
on 3 ?? 2011
. Retrieved
25 January
2010
.
- ↑
Schmidt, J. (1912) Danish researches in the Atlantic and Mediterranean on the life-history of the Fresh-water Eel (
Anguilla vulgaris
, Turt.). Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 5: 317?342.
- ↑
95.0
95.1
"Macedonian Fauna"
.
macedonia.co.uk
. Archived from
the original
on 2017-11-17
. Retrieved
2018-02-16
.
- ↑
96.0
96.1
96.2
Federation Cynologique Internationale
:
Official FCI-Standard N° 41
, Published 24 November 1970. ? Retrieved on 14 February 2015.
- ↑
97.0
97.1
The breed was initially standardised by the Yugoslavian Federation of Cynology (Jugoslovenski kinolo?ki savez, JKS) and recognised as a Yugoslavian breed with two types by the
Federation Cynologique Internationale
(FCI) in 1939 under the designation
Ilirski ov?ar
(
Illyria
n Shepherd Dog),
FCI-Standard N° 41
. Kra?ki ov?ar and ?arplaninac were considered Type A and B of the breed. In 1957, the General Assembly of the F.C.I. accepted a motion proposed by the Yugoslavian Federation of Cynology to change the name of the breed to
Jugoslovenski ov?arski pas ?arplaninac
(
Yugoslavia
n Shepherd Dog Sharplanina), and this is the official name of the breed. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Serbia were recognised as the countries of origin. In 1968, type B was recognised as a separate breed under the designation
Kra?ki ov?ar
(
Karst Shepherd Dog
),
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[
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]
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