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Indian Empire

1858?1947
??????? ???????
(1858?1911)
??????? ??????
(1911?1947)
??????? ?????
???
????? ??? , ?????? ??? , ???????? ??? , ?????? ??? , ????? ??? , ??? ??? , ????????????? ??? , ????????
????????? British Colonial Government
Monarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empress a  
? 1858?1901
??????????
? 1901?1910
???????? VII
? 1910?1936
?????? V
? 1936
???????? VIII
? 1936?1947
?????? VI
Viceroy b  
? 1858?1862 (first)
Charles Canning
? 1947 (last)
Louis Mountbatten
Secretary of State  
? 1858?1859 (first)
Edward Stanley
? 1947 (last)
William Hare
??????????? Imperial Legislative Council
??????  
1757 ?? 23 , 1857 ?? 10
?? 2 1858
???? 18 1947
1947 ?? 14 , 15
??????? ?????? ??????
ISO 3166 code IN
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
?????????? ?????? ????
????? ??????????
?????????? ??? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????????
  1. Title of Emperor/Empress of India existed 1876?1948
  2. Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India"

???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? 1858 ????? 1947 ???? ????? ???????? ???????.  [1] [2] ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????. [2] [3]   ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? -??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????- ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????. ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????????. [4]

?????????? ????  ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? 1876 ??  ?????????.  ?????? ,  ?????  ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????????. [5]   ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932,1936 ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????. 1945?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????. [6]

??????? ?????? 1858 ???? 28?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????.  [7] (1876?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????), ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????), ????????? ??? ?????????? (?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? , ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????), ????????? ??? ?????? (????????? ??????? ), ??????? (????????? ?????????? ????)?? ??? ???????? ?????????? 1947?? ???????????? ???? ??????????. 1858?? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. 1886 ??  ???? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? 1937 ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1948?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????.

??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???? ???? , ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? , ?????????? , ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [8] ?????????? ????? (1858 ????? 1937 ????), ???? ????? (1886 ????? 1937 ????), ???????? ??????????? (1884 ????? 1898 ????), ???????? (1858 ????? 1867 ????) ???????? ???????? ??????. 1937 ?????  ?????  ????????  ?????  ??????? 1948?? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ??????  ?????????  ????????  ?????????????  ???????? ?? ????????,  1946 ????  ??? ???????? ???????? ????, ???????? ???? ????????????? (???????) ????????. [9] ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? (????????? ???????) 1802?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????.1793 ????? 1798 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????. [10] ?????? ,  ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????, ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. [11] [12] 1861 ??  ??????  ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????  ???? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????. [13] ??????????  1887 ????? 1965 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????  ???? ??????.

?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

1780?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ??????????? , ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????.  ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? (1998) ? ?????? ???????????, 18? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???, ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????. [14]  ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? 1770?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????. [15] ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????????????? ??.??.??????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ???? ???????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????. [16]

???  ????????  ????????  ?????????  ?????  ?????  ????  ???  ????????????????, ????????  ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? 18 ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???  ????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????  ???????????  ????????,  ??????????  ????????  ???????  ??????????????  ?????  ??????????????,  ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????  ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????. [16]

???????? ?????? , ?????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????: ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? (???? ???????? ?? ????????). [17] ?????? ????????????? 1889 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????:

  1. "???????? ??????" ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????.
  2.  ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. [18]

?????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 1600 ????? 1858 ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? (????????????). [19] ?????????? ??????????? (???? ????) ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????. [20]

" ???????? ?????? " (?????? ??????????) " ?????? ??? ?????? " (?????? ??????????) ???? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????/?????? ??? ??????   (?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????) ???? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???  "??????? ??????"   ???, ???? "?????? ??? ??????" ??? ???????. [21]  ?????????? 1878?? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? 175 ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????; ??????? ?????? 500 ???????? ???????, ??????????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. [22]    ????????,  ???????????  ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????: ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????, ???? ????????????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????. [22]

????????? ???????????? [ ?????? ]

20? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. [22]

20? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????
(????????) ?????? ?????????? ?.??????, ?. ??. ???????? 1901 ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????
??????

(??????)

130,000
(50,000) 		6
???????

(??????????, ?????? ????, ??????, ????????, ?????)

390,000
(150,000) 		75 ??????????? ???????
?????

(?????, ??????????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???????)

320,000
(120,000) 		19 ??????? ??? ????????
?????

(?????)

440,000
(170,000) 		9 ??????????? ???????
???????? ???????????? 

(???????????, ??????? ???)

270,000
(100,000) 		13 ???? ???????
???????

(????????, ????????????, ????, ??????????? ?????? ??????)

370,000
(140,000) 		38
??????

(?????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ???????, ???????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????)

250,000
(97,000) 		20 ??????????? ???????
???????? ?????????? 

(????????????, ??????????)

280,000
(110,000) 		48 ??????????? ???????

??????? ????? ?????? (1905?1913 ) ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????. 1911?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????, ???????, ??????, ????????? ??????. [22]

????? ???????????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????: [22] ? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????

????? ???????????? ???????? ??????
( ???????? ??????????? ????????) 		???????? ????? ???? ???????? 1901 ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????
???????-???????? 

(??????????? ?????? ??????)

7,000
(2,700) 		477
???????, ???????? ?????? 

(??????? ???????? ??????)

78,000
(30,000) 		25 ???? ???????
???????? ???????????? 

(????????????)

120,000
(46,000) 		308  ?????? Chief Commissioner
??????

(????? ??????)

4,100
(1,600) 		181 ????? ??????? ???? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? 

(????? ???????????)

41,000
(16,000) 		2,125 ???? ???????

?????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

1909 ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????.

???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. [23]  1947 ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????  565  ???????  ???????? ???????.  ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???  ????????  ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????  ????????? ???????; ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ?????, ????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. [24] ???????????  ????????????  ???????  ??????????  ???? ??????  ??????? ???????????,  ?????  ????????  ????????????????  ???? ?????????? ??????  ???????????.  600 ??????? ????????????  ????????  ???? ???????,  ????????  ???? ???????????  ????????????  ?????????????  ?????????.  25  ?. ??.  (10 ?. ??????)  ??????  ???????????????? ????? 200 ???????? ???????. [23]

??????? [ ?????? ]

1857 ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? (??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????) ??????, ???? ???????? ????? 1858 ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????:

  1. ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????,
  2. ????????? ?????? ?????????,,
  3. ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? (????????????? ????????????). [25]

???????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????, ?????????????? ????? 15???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????. [26] ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????  ???????  ????? ??????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ???? ???????????????????. ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????  ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. [27] 1858 ????? 1947 ????, 27???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????; ??????: ??? ???????? ???? (1859?1866), ?????????? ??? ????????? (1874?1878; ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????), ???? ?????? (1905?1910; ?????-?????? ?????????? ???????), ?.???. ??????? (1917?1922; ???????-????? ????? ???????? ?????????),, ?????????? ??.???????? (1945?1947; 1946???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????) ???????. ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? (????????) ??????? ???????, ????????????? ?????? ????????????.  1907??, ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????. [28] ???? ??.??.??????, ?????? ???????? ??????????.

??? ???? ?????? [ ?????? ]

Notes and references [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. r?j : to reign, rule; cognate with L. r?x , r?g-is , OIr. r? , r?g king (see RICH).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec.
  3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
  4. ↑ any schoolbook of the 1950s and before
  5. ↑ The names "Empire of India" and "Federation of India" were also in use.
  6. ↑ Mansergh, Nicholas , Constitutional relations between Britain and India , London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx , retrieved 19 September 2013 Quote: India Executive Council: Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V.
  7. ↑ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858?1947" . Retrieved 3 March 2011 .
  8. ↑ "The Geography of British India, Political & Physical (1882)" . Archive.org . UK Archives . Retrieved 2 August 2014 .
  9. ↑ Subodh Kapoor (January 2002). The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6 . Cosmo Publications. p. 1599. ISBN   81-7755-257-0 .
  10. ↑ Codrington, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration
  11. ↑ "Nepal."
  12. ↑ "Bhutan."
  13. ↑ "Sikkim."
  14. ↑ "Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900" . Fsmitha . F. Smith . Retrieved 2 August 2014 .
  15. ↑ Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765?1818", in The Oxford History of the British Empire : vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE ON INDIA: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL (1757?1857)" (PDF) . Nios.ac.uk . NIOS . Retrieved 2 August 2014 .
  17. ↑ "India" . World Digital Library . Retrieved 24 January 2013 .
  18. ↑ ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; Interpretation Act 1889 ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  19. ↑ 1.
  20. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol.
  21. ↑ "British Indian Passport of Muhammad Ali Jinnah" . Archived from the original on 2013-02-10 . Retrieved 2015-06-05 .
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Markovits, Claude (2004). A history of modern India, 1480?1950 . Anthem Press. pp. 386?409. ISBN   9781843310044 .
  24. ↑ "Provinces of British India" . Worldstatesmen.org . Worldstatesmen . Retrieved 2 August 2014 .
  25. ↑ Robin J.
  26. ↑ Moore, "Imperial India, 1858?1914", p. 424
  27. ↑ Brown 1994 , p.   96
  28. ↑ Moore, "Imperial India, 1858?1914", p. 426

??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

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