??????? ????????? (??????????)

??? ???????? ?????????
Sir Robert Robinson
??? ???????? ????????? ; Sir Robert Robinson
????? ????? ??????
	???????? ; 1945?1950
??????????	??? ????? ????? ????
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????????? ?????????
???????	13 ?????????? 1886 ; ??????????, ???????????
??????	8 ???????? 1975 (???? 88) ; ???????????????, ???????????
??????????	?????? ??????????
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???????????	?????? ????????????? ; ????????? ????????????? ; ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ; ??????????? ????????????? ; ??????? ????????????? ??????? ; ??????????? ?????????????
????? ???? ???????	??????????? ?????????????
????? ?????????	????????? ????? ??????????, ???.
??????? ???? ; ?????????	??? ???????? ???????? ; ?????? ???? ?????? ; ?????????? ???? ??????? ; ??. ????????????
????????????	?????? ???????? ??????????
?????????	???? ??????? (1930) ; ????? ??????? (1932) ; ?????? ??????? (1942) ; ?????????????? ????? ????? (1947) ; ???????????? ??????? (1947) ; ???????? ??????? (1947) ; ???? ?????????? ????? (1947)
???????	?????????? ?????????

??? ??????? ????????? OM PRS FRSE ^[4] (13 ?????????? 1886 ? 8 ???????? 1975) ??? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????????? (??????????????) ??????? (?????????????) ?????? ?????????????? 1947 ??? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? 1947 ??? ???????, ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????????.

???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ^[5] ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????, ????, ???? ???????????. ^[6]

????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????, 1905 ??? BSc ?????? ????????. 1907 ??? 1851 ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? 1851 ???? ???????? ^[7]. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????.

???? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? 1912 ??? ?????????????????. ^[8] ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? (1920-22) ??? ?????????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????.. 1928 ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. 1930 ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????????, ????????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????.

????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ^[9]

????????? ?????????? ?????.

????????? [ ???? ]

????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????.1917 ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????. ^[10] ^[11]

1923 ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????, ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????. ^[12] ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????.

1957 ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

The Structural Relationship of Natural Products (1955)

????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????. 1912 ??? ???????, ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. 1954 ??? ????? ????????? ?????????, 1957-?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? (?? ??????). ^[13] ???? ????????? ???????? ????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Saltzman, M. D. (1987). "The development of Sir Robert Robinson's contributions to theoretical organic chemistry". Natural Product Reports 4 : 53. doi : 10.1039/NP9870400053 .
↑ "Some substituted peptides and Experiments with lysozyme" . University of Oxford . ????????????? ???? 3 June 2017 .
↑ Anand, Nitya (2018-05-22). "Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901?1981)" (PDF) . Indian National Science Academy . ????????????? ???? 2018-05-22 .
↑ Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd; John Cornforth (1976). "Robert Robinson. 13 September 1886 ? 8 February 1975". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22 : 414?527. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1976.0018 .
↑ "Former RSE Fellows 1783?2002" (PDF) . Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 ?????? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 31 March 2010 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783?2002 (PDF) . The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .
↑ 1851 ????? ?????? ??????
↑ "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2010-02-13 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .
↑ "Science Area" . www.ox.ac.uk . ????????????? ???? 12 June 2009 .
↑ Robinson, R. (1917). "LXIII. A Synthesis of Tropinone". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 111 : 762?768. doi : 10.1039/CT9171100762 .
↑ Birch, A. J. (1993). "Investigating a Scientific Legend: The Tropinone Synthesis of Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 : 277?296. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0034 .
↑ Abraham, E. P. (1987). "Sir Robert Robinson and the early history of penicillin". Natural Product Reports 4 (1): 41?46. doi : 10.1039/np9870400041 . ??????? : 3302773 .
↑ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783?2002 (PDF) . The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0 902 198 84 X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Nobel Lecture Some Polycyclic Natural Products from Nobelprize.org website
Biography Biography from Nobelprize.org website
ABC Online Forum
[1]

[organic-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Saltzman, M. D. (1987). "The development of Sir Robert Robinson's contributions to theoretical organic chemistry". Natural Product Reports 4 : 53. doi : 10.1039/NP9870400053 .

[2] "Some substituted peptides and Experiments with lysozyme" . University of Oxford . ????????????? ???? 3 June 2017 .

[Krishnaswami_Venkataraman_(1901–1981)-3] Anand, Nitya (2018-05-22). "Krishnaswami Venkataraman (1901?1981)" (PDF) . Indian National Science Academy . ????????????? ???? 2018-05-22 .

[frs-4] Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd; John Cornforth (1976). "Robert Robinson. 13 September 1886 ? 8 February 1975". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22 : 414?527. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1976.0018 .

[5] "Former RSE Fellows 1783?2002" (PDF) . Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 ?????? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 31 March 2010 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[6] Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783?2002 (PDF) . The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .

[7] 1851 ????? ?????? ??????

[8] "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2010-02-13 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .

[9] "Science Area" . www.ox.ac.uk . ????????????? ???? 12 June 2009 .

[10] Robinson, R. (1917). "LXIII. A Synthesis of Tropinone". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 111 : 762?768. doi : 10.1039/CT9171100762 .

[11] Birch, A. J. (1993). "Investigating a Scientific Legend: The Tropinone Synthesis of Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 : 277?296. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0034 .

[12] Abraham, E. P. (1987). "Sir Robert Robinson and the early history of penicillin". Natural Product Reports 4 (1): 41?46. doi : 10.1039/np9870400041 . ??????? : 3302773 .

[13] Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783?2002 (PDF) . The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0 902 198 84 X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2019-02-26 .

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?? ? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????
1901?1925	1901 : ????????? ???????? 1902 : ????? ????? 1903 : ???????? 1904 : William Ramsay 1905 : ??????? ???? ????? 1906 : ???????? 1907 : ??????? 1908 : ??????????? 1909 : ???????? ??????????? 1910 : ????? ?????? 1911 : ???? ?????? 1912 : ??????? ???????????? / Paul Sabatier 1913 : ???????? ???????? 1914 : ??????? ??????????? 1915 : Richard Willstatter 1916 1917 1918 : ???? 1919 1920 : Walther Nernst 1921 : Frederick Soddy 1922 : ?????????? ?????? 1923 : Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 : Richard Zsigmondy
1926?1950	1926 : Theodor Svedberg 1927 : ????????? ?????????? 1928 : ???????? ???????? 1929 : Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930 : ?????? ??????? 1931 : Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 : Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 : ??????? ????? 1935 : Frederic Joliot-Curie / ????? ??????? ?????? 1936 : ??????? ?????? 1937 : ??????? ??????? / Paul Karrer 1938 : ????????? ???? 1939 : ???????? ????????? / Leopold Ru?i?ka 1940 1941 1942 1943 : ???????? ?? ?????? 1944 : ????? ???? 1945 : Artturi Virtanen 1946 : James B. Sumner / John Northrop / ???????? ???????? ???????? 1947 : ??????? ????????? 1948 : Arne Tiselius 1949 : William Giauque 1950 : ????? ??????? / ????? ???????
1951?1975	1951 : ??????? ????????? / ?????? ??. ???????? 1952 : Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 : Hermann Staudinger 1954 : ????? ?????? 1955 : Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 : Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 : Alexander Todd 1958 : ????????? ????? 1959 : Jaroslav Heyrovsky 1960 : ?????????? ????????? ?????? 1961 : ???????? ???????? 1962 : Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 : Karl Ziegler / ???????? ????? 1964 : ????? ????????? 1965 : ??????? ??????? ???????? 1966 : Robert S. Mulliken 1967 : Manfred Eigen / ???????? / George Porter 1968 : ?????? ???????? 1969 : Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 : Luis Federico Leloir 1971 : Gerhard Herzberg 1972 : Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 : Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 : Paul Flory 1975 : John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976?2000	1976 : ????????? ???????????? 1977 : Ilya Prigogine 1978 : Peter D. Mitchell 1979 : ?????????? ??. ??????? / Georg Wittig 1980 : ????? ?????? / Walter Gilbert / ????????? ????? 1981 : ???????? ?????? / ?????? ????????? 1982 : Aaron Klug 1983 : Henry Taube 1984 : Robert Merrifield 1985 : Herbert A. Hauptman / ?????? ?????? 1986 : Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987 : Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 : Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 : ?????? ???????? / Thomas Cech 1990 : ??????? ?????? ???? 1991 : ????????? ???. ????????? 1992 : Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 : ????? ???????? / Michael Smith 1994 : George Olah 1995 : ???? ????? ???????? / ????? ?????? / ??????? 1996 : Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 : Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 : Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 : Ahmed Zewail 2000 : ???? ???? ???? / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001?????? ???	2001 : William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 : John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / ?????? ?????????? 2003 : ??????? ????? / Roderick MacKinnon 2004 : Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005 : Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006 : ????? ???????????? 2007 : ???????? ????????? 2008 : Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / ????? ???. ????? 2009 : ???????????? ???????????? / ????? ???????? / ??? ????? 2010 : ????????? ????? / ??????? ???????? / ?-????? ???????? 2011 : ???? ????????? 2012 : ?????????? ???????????????? / ??????? ?????????? 2013 : ?????????? ??????????? / ???????? ?????? / ????? ???????? 2014 : ????? ???????? / ???????? ??? / ?????????. ?. ??????? 2015 : ????? ???????? / ????? ???????? / ????? ???????? 2016 : ????? ????? ???????? / ??????? ??????????????? / ???? ???????? 2017 : ?????? ???????? / ???????? ???????? / ????????? ?????????? 2018 : ?????????? ????????? / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019 : ???? ???????? / ??????????? ???????????? / ??????? ?????? 2020 : ????????? ?????????????? / ??????? ?????? 2021 : ?????? ????????? / ????????? ?????????