???????? ( ???????? : Siege)??????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????.

????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? , ??????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ??? ???????????? ???? ???????????, ??????? , ????? , ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????.

???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????. ???????-???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ????????????? ??????????? , ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????????????.

??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????????. 20 ??? ????????????, ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ???????, ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???????????? [ ???? ]

??? ?????????? ???? [ ???? ]

???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? , ????????????? , ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ^[1] ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ???? 3500 ??????, ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????, ???? ???????????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????, ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? , ??????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ^[2] ??????????? ????????????????? ????????, ???? 2500 ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ^[1]

?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????, ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????????? ???? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????? 9.5 ???? (5.9 ????) ???????, 12 ??????? (39 ???) ??????? ?????????????. ???????, ????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? [ ???? ]

• Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective . University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-8263-2871-7 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Baldock, Thomas Stanford (1809). Cromwell as a Soldier . K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company. pp.  515?520 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . Viking-Penguin Books. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-670-88695-5 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Firth, C. H. (1902). Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate . Sussex: Methurn & Company. p.  29 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
• Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture (20th ed.). Architectural Press. p.  20 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-7506-2267-9 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia . Rutgers University Press. p. 362. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-8135-1304-9 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Hoskin, John, Carol Howland (2006). Vietnam . New Holland Publishers. p. 105. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^{[ ??????????? ??????? ]}
• Stewart, William (1998). Dictionary of images and symbols in counselling (1st ed.). Jessica Kingsley. p.  105 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   1-85302-351-5 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Morocco, John (1984). Thunder from Above: Air War, 1941-1968 . Boston: Boston Publishing Company. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 4 (2). Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 5 (6). Taiepi: Caves Books Ltd. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 5 (7). Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Reynolds, Francis Joseph; Churchill, Allen Leon; Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1916). The story of the great war: history of the European War from official sources; complete historical records of events to date . P.F. Collier & Son. p. 406. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Roland, Alex (1992). "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, Technology and Culture" . Technology and Culture 33 (4): 655?679. doi : 10.2307/3106585 . https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_1992-10_33_4/page/655 .  
• Sellman, R. R. (1954). Castles and Fortresses . Methuen. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Stearns, Peter N. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Books. p.  17 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-395-65237-5 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Symonds, Richard (1859). Long, Charles Edward (ed.). Diary of the marches of the royal army during the great civil war . Works of the Camden Society. Vol. 74. The Camden Society page= 270 . {{ cite book }} : External link in |publisher= ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help ) ; Missing pipe in: |publisher= ( help )
• Townshend, Charles (2000). The Oxford History of Modern War . ??????????? ????????????? ????????? . pp.  211, 212 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-19-285373-2 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). Siege Weapons of the Far East . Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Wheelis, M. (2002). "Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" . Emerg Infect Dis (Center for Disease Control) 8 (9) . http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm .  
• Windrow, Martin (2005). The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French defeat in Vietnam . London: Cassell.  

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

• Duffy, Christopher (1996) [1975]. Fire & Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare (1660–1860) (2nd ed.). New York: Stackpole Books.
• Duffy, Christopher (1996). Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660 . Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Duffy, Christopher (1985). Siege Warfare, Volume II: The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Garlan, Yvon (1974). Recherches de poliorcetique grecque (in French). Paris: De Boccard. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
• Lynn, John A. (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV . Pearson.
• May, Timothy. (27 June 2004). "Mongol Arms". Explorations in Empire, Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: the Mongols . University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 18 ?? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 8 ?????????? 2014 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |access-date= ( help )
• Ostwald, Jamel (2007). Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession . History of Warfare. Vol. 41 (illustrated ed.). BRILL.

???? ???????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????.

• Greek and Roman siegecraft
• Native American Siege Warfare.
• Siege Kits ????????????? 2007-09-28 at Archive.today
• Scenes of Siege Warfare
• Three ancient Egyptian Sieges: Megiddo, Dapur, Hermopolis
• The Siege Of The City ????????????? 2008-07-30 at the ??????? ????????? Biblical perspectives.
• Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (PBS) Informative and interactive webpages about medieval siege tactics.