????

???? ????????
???? ???????? ???? ???????? ; Republica del Peru
	???? ???????
	???????????: Somos libres, seamoslo siempre ( ?????????? ???????? ) ; ??????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????
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????? ????	????????
????? ????(???)	?????????? ???? 1
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? ?????????? ??????	???? ???????? ??????
? ????? ????????	?????? ???? ?????????? ; (Jorge Del Castillo)
??????? ???????? ????????? ???????
? ?????????	???? 28 1821
??????
? ???????	1,285,220 km 2 (496,230 sq mi) ( 20 ???? )
? ???? (%)	8.80
?????? ????
? ???? 2007 ?????????	28,674,757 ( 41 ???? )
? 2005 ????????????	27,219,266
??.?.?. ( ??.?.?. )	2005 ?????????
? ???????	$170.089 ????????? ( 51 ???? )
? ??????????	$6,715 ( 94 ???? )
??.?.?. (???????)	2006 ?????????
? ???????	$93.268 ????????? ( 55 ???? )
? ??????????	$3,374 ( 87 ???? )
???? (2002)	54.6 ; ????
????? (2004)	0.767 ; Error: Invalid HDI value · 82 ????
??????	???? ???? ( PEN )
??? ?????	?.?.?? -5 (PET)
? ???? ( ?.??.??. )	????? ????????????????
?????????????	51
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	???????? , ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????????. ;

???? ( ???????????? : Peru ; ??? : Piruw ???????? : Piruw ) ???????????????? ???? ???????? ( Republic of Peru ???????????? : Republica del Peru , [re?puβlika ðel pe??u] ( ????? ) ), ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ???????? ????????? , ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????.

???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????. 16 ???? ???????????? (??. ??), ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????????????. 1821?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????, ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? 25 ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????????? ???, ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? 32 ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? 28 ????? ??????????? ??????? ^[1]. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? 117 ?????? ???-??????-???? ??????? ??????????? 84 ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ^[1], ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??????????? 60% ???????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ????? 6% ??????????????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? 50% ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ???????????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

??????????? 28 ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ????????????? "???????????" ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? (???????????????), ??????? ???????? (??????), ?????? ????????? (??????? ?????????) ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????, ???, ?????????, ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? ??????? ????? ???? ( Biru ) ??????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ???????????????? 16??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ^[2] ???? 1522 ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ^[3] ???? ???????????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ^[4]

???????? ???? 1529??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ( province of Peru ) ??????????????. ^[5] ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ( Viceroyalty of Peru ) ?? ????????. ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??. ??. 9,000 ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????. ^[6] ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??. ?? 3000 ????? 1800 ??? ???????????????. ^[7] ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????, ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. 15 ??? ????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????, ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????. ^[8] ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????, ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????. ^[9]

1532 ??? ????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????????. ^[10] ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? 1570 ????? ?????? ????????????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ^[11]

????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ^[12] ??????? ?????? ????????, 18 ??? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ^[13] ???? ????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????????. ^[14] ????? ????????? ???????? ????? II ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ????????????. ^[15]

19 ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????, ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ^[16] ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????. ^[17]

???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ^[18]

???????????? [ ???? ]

???? ???? 25 ??????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????. ????????? ??????????? 4 ???????? ?????. ^[19] ???????????????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????. ^[20] ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????????????????. ^[21] ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ^[22]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Peru, Footprint
↑ Porras Barrenechea, p. 83.
↑ Porras Barrenechea, p. 84.
↑ Porras Barrenechea, p. 86.
↑ Porras Barrenechea, p. 87.
↑ Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. "The first settlers". In Helaine Silverman (ed.), Andean archaeology . Malden: Blackwell, 2004, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0631234012 , p. 20.
↑ Haas, Jonathan, Creamer, Winifred and Ruiz, Alvaro (2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru" . Nature 432 : 1020?1023. doi : 10.1038/nature03146 . ??????? : 15616561 . http://www.scribd.com/doc/93993434/HAAS-Et-Al-2004-Dating-the-Late-Archaic-Occupation-of-the-Norte-Chico-Region-in-Peru .
↑ D'Altroy, Terence. The Incas . Malden: Blackwell, 2002, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1405116765 , pp. 2?3.
↑ Mayer, Enrique. The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes . Boulder: Westview, 2002, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 081333716X , pp. 47?68
↑ Recopilacion de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias . Madrid: Cultura Hispanica, 1973, vol. II, pp. 12?13.
↑ Bakewell, Peter. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545?1650 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1984, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0826307698 , p. 181.
↑ (????????????) Suarez, Margarita. Desafios transatlanticos . Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP, 2001, pp. 252?253.
↑ Andrien, Kenneth. Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1597403237 , pp. 200?202.
↑ Burkholder, Mark. From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687?1808 . Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0826202195 , pp. 83?87.
↑ O'Phelan, Scarlett. Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru . Cologne: Bohlau, 1985, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3412010855 , 9783412010850, p. 276.
↑ Anna, Timothy. The fall of the royal government in Peru . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0803210043 , pp. 237?238.
↑ Walker, Charles. Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780?1840 . Durham: Duke University Press, 1999, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0822382164 , pp. 124?125.
↑ Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.
↑ Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 11.
↑ Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 10.
↑ Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 66.
↑ Monika Huber, Wolfgang Kaiser (February 2013). "Mixed Feelings" . dandc.eu.

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

[Peru,_Footprint-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Peru, Footprint

[2] Porras Barrenechea, p. 83.

[3] Porras Barrenechea, p. 84.

[4] Porras Barrenechea, p. 86.

[5] Porras Barrenechea, p. 87.

[Dillehay-6] Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. "The first settlers". In Helaine Silverman (ed.), Andean archaeology . Malden: Blackwell, 2004, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0631234012 , p. 20.

[Haas-7] Haas, Jonathan, Creamer, Winifred and Ruiz, Alvaro (2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru" . Nature 432 : 1020?1023. doi : 10.1038/nature03146 . ??????? : 15616561 . http://www.scribd.com/doc/93993434/HAAS-Et-Al-2004-Dating-the-Late-Archaic-Occupation-of-the-Norte-Chico-Region-in-Peru .

[Altroy-8] D'Altroy, Terence. The Incas . Malden: Blackwell, 2002, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1405116765 , pp. 2?3.

[Mayer-9] Mayer, Enrique. The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes . Boulder: Westview, 2002, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 081333716X , pp. 47?68

[r1-10] Recopilacion de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias . Madrid: Cultura Hispanica, 1973, vol. II, pp. 12?13.

[Bakewell-11] Bakewell, Peter. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545?1650 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1984, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0826307698 , p. 181.

[Suarez-12] (????????????) Suarez, Margarita. Desafios transatlanticos . Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP, 2001, pp. 252?253.

[Andrien-13] Andrien, Kenneth. Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1597403237 , pp. 200?202.

[Burkholder-14] Burkholder, Mark. From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687?1808 . Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0826202195 , pp. 83?87.

[Phelan-15] O'Phelan, Scarlett. Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru . Cologne: Bohlau, 1985, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3412010855 , 9783412010850, p. 276.

[Anna-16] Anna, Timothy. The fall of the royal government in Peru . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0803210043 , pp. 237?238.

[Walker-17] Walker, Charles. Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780?1840 . Durham: Duke University Press, 1999, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0822382164 , pp. 124?125.

[18] Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.

[19] Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 11.

[20] Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 10.

[21] Ley N° 27867, Ley Organica de Gobiernos Regionales , Article N° 66.

[22] Monika Huber, Wolfgang Kaiser (February 2013). "Mixed Feelings" . dandc.eu.

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