Philosopher
s of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
?????????
(
Jurisprudence
) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. ???? ????????? 18 ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????.
???????????
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?????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? (Jurisprudence) ???????? ???????????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? (juris) ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? (prudentia) ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????????? (????????????) ????? ???????????? ????????????? (????????????) ????? ??????????????, ???????????? (????????????) ????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????????.
????????? (Definitions)
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????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? "??????" ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? "???? ???????"(legal theory) ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????.
????????
(Austin): ????????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????
????????
(Holland): ????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????
?????????
(Salmond): ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????
??-???
(Keeton): ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
??????? ?-????
(Dr. Allen): ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????
??????????? ????
(Professor Grey): ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????.
????????? ??? ???? ????????
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???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ??????????????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????.
??????????? ?????????
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????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????, ???? ?????????????? ?????.
??????? ????????? (General Jurisprudence)
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?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ????????????????, ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
??????????? ????????? (Particular Jurisprudence)
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??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????.
??????????? ????????????? (Schools of Jurisprudence)
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??????????? ????????? ??? "????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????". ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????.
??????????? ?????????? (Analytical School)
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?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ?????????????? ?????????? " ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????????". ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????. ??? ??? ???????? (Civil Law) ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ????????????????? "?????? ??????????????????". ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ????????.
???????? ?????????? (Historical School)
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???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ?????????????? ?????????? "?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????, ?????? ????. ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ???? ?????????????? ??? " ?????? ?????????????????".
???????? ?????????? (Philosophical School)
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???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????.
??????????? ???????????
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????, ????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????.
???? (Law in General)
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"????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????" ????? ???????????? (Blackstone) ?????????????? ??????. ????????? (Salmond) ?? ???????????, ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ???????????? ????, ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????, ????? ????, ???? ????, ????? ????, ????????????????? ????, ?????? ????, ???????????? ???? ?? ??????????????????.
???? ???? (Physical Law) :
??? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????.
????? ???? (Technical Law) :
??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ???. ??????????????? ??? ????.
????? ???? (Customary Law) :
??? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????
????? ???? (Conventional Law) :
?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???. ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????
??? ??????? ?????????. ????????????????, ??????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????.
????????????????? ???? (International law) :
??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???.
?????? ???? (imperative law) :
???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????. ????? ?????????????? ????.
?? ???? (Natural law) :
??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? "?? ?????? ?????? ????".
??? ???? (Civil Law) :
??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? "??????" ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? "???????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????" ?? ??????????????.
????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
???? (Justice)
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???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????. ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? (court of justice) ?????????????????? (court of law) ?????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????, ?? ???? (Natural or Moral Justice) ??????? ???? ???? (Legal Justice) ??????? ?????????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????????.
???? (The State)
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?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ???????, ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. "????" ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
?????????? "??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????????" ?? ?????? ??????????.
????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????.
??? ?????????? :
???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????.
?????? ???????? :
??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????.
??????? ?????????? :
???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????, ??????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????????????.
??? ???? :
???????????????, ?????????????????, ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????????????. ?????????????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????.
????????????? ????????? (Sources of Law)
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????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????????????????. ????????? ???????????? ??????????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ????????? (Salmond) "???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ??? ????????????" ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????????.
???? (Custom)
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???? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????. ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???. ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???. ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ??????????
????????
???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? "???????" (?????? ?????????????). ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????????.
???????????? (legislation)
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?????? ??????????? ??????????? (legislation) ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ???????????. ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????. ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????????????? ??
??????
????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? (legislation) ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????????????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? (enacted law) ??????
??????????? ??????
?? ??????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????
?????? ??????
?????.
????????????????? (precedent)
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????????????????? (Stare decisis or precedent) ??????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????.
?????? ??????? ?????????
??????? 141-?? ??? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????.
?????????? ???????????? (Classification of Law)
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????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? (???????) ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? (civil law) ?????????? ?????????????? (criminal law) ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????. ???????, ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????.
????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
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?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????: ????????????????? ?????? (International law) ??????? ?????? ?????? (municipal law) ???????.
????????????????? ??????
??????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????: ????????????????? ????????? ?????? (public international law) ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? (private international law). ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????. ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????????, ????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????. ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? (municipal courts) ?????
?????? ???????
[
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]
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(1831).
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
.
- Cotterrell, R. (1995).
Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective
. Oxford:
??????????? ????????????? ?????????
.
- Cotterrell, R. (2003).
The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy
, 2nd ed. Oxford:
??????????? ????????????? ?????????
.
- Freeman, M.D.A. (2008).
Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence
. 8th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
- Fruehwald, Edwin Scott,
Law and Human Behavior: A Study in Behavioral Biology, Neuroscience, and the Law
(Vandeplas 2011).
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-1-60042-144-0
- Hart, H. L. A. (1961; 1994, 2nd ed with Postscript).
The Concept of Law
. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
??????????? ?????????? ???
0-19-876122-8
.
- Hartzler, H. Richard (1976).
Justice, Legal Systems, and Social Structure
. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
- Engle, Eric (July 2010).
Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
. Eric Engle.
??????????? ?????????? ???
9780980731842
.
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Critical Legal Studies
. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
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Legal History: Law and Social Change
. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library. (Contains penetrating classic "The Bramble Bush" on nature of law).
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Introduction to Law, Legal Process, and Procedure
. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
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A Theory of Justice
, revised ed. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press
. (Philosophical treatment of justice).
- Wacks, Raymond (2009).
Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory
??????????? ????????????? ?????????
.
- Washington, Ellis (2002).
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University Press of America
.
- Washington, Ellis (2013).
The Progressive Revolution, 2007-08 Writings-Vol. 1; 2009 Writings-Vol. 2, Liberal Fascism through the Ages
University Press of America
.
- Zinn, Howard (1990).
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New York:
Harper Collins Publishers
.
- Zippelius, Reinhold (2011).
Rechtsphilosophie
, 6th ed. Munich:
C.H. Beck
.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-3-406-61191-9
- Heinze, Eric
,
The Concept of Injustice
(Routledge, 2013)