Lufta Iran-Irak

Lufta Iran-Irak ishte nje konflikt i armatosur midis Iranit dhe Irakut qe zgjati nga shtatori 1980 deri ne gusht 1988.

Ajo filloi me pushtimin irakian te Iranit dhe zgjati per gati 8 vjet, deri ne pranimin e Rezolutes 598 te Keshillit te Sigurimit te Kombeve te Bashkuara nga te dyja palet. Arsyeja kryesore e Irakut per sulmin kunder Iranit permendi nevojen per te parandaluar Ruhollah Homeinin ? i cili kishte udhehequr Revolucionin Islamik te Iranit ne vitin 1979 ? nga eksportimi i ideologjise se re iraniane ne Irak; kishte gjithashtu frike ne mesin e udheheqjes irakiane te Sadam Huseinit se Irani, nje shtet teokratik me nje popullsi te perbere kryesisht nga mysliman e shiite, do te shfrytezonte tensionet sektare ne Irak duke mbledhur shumicen shiite te Irakut kunder qeverise ba?athiste, e cila ishte zyrtarisht laike dhe e dominuar nga myslimanet sunite . ^[1]^[2]^[3] Iraku gjithashtu deshironte te zevendesonte Iranin si nje lojtar te fuqishem ne Gjirin Persik , i cili nuk shihej si nje objektiv i arritshem perpara Revolucionit Islamik per shkak te epersise ekonomike dhe ushtarake te Iranit Pehlevi , si dhe marredhenieve te tij te ngushta me Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe Izraelin .

Lufta Iran-Irak pasoi nje histori te gjate mosmarreveshjesh kufitare territoriale midis dy shteteve, si rezultat i se ciles Iraku planifikoi te rimarre bregun lindor te Shatt el-Arab qe i kishte dhene Iranit ne Marreveshjen e Algjerit te vitit 1975. Mbeshtetja e Irakut per separatistet arabe ne Iran u rrit pas shperthimit te armiqesive; ndersa u ngriten pretendime qe dyshonin se Iraku po kerkonte te aneksonte provincen Huzestan te Iranit, ^[4] Sadam Huseini deklaroi publikisht ne nentor 1980 se Iraku nuk po kerkonte nje aneksim te ndonje territori iranian. ^[5] Besohet se Iraku kishte kerkuar te vendoste sundim mbi Huzestanin. ^[6] Ndersa udheheqja irakiane kishte shpresuar te perfitonte nga kaosi post-revolucionar i Iranit dhe priste nje fitore vendimtare perballe nje Irani te dobesuar rende, ushtria irakiane beri perparim vetem per tre muaj, dhe deri ne dhjetor 1980, pushtimi i Irakut kishte ngecur. Ushtria iraniane filloi te fitonte vrull kunder irakianeve dhe rifitoi pothuajse te gjithe territorin e humbur deri ne qershor 1982. Pasi i shtyu forcat irakiane ne vijat kufitare te paraluftes, Irani hodhi poshte Rezoluten 514 te Keshillit te Sigurimit te Kombeve te Bashkuara dhe nisi nje pushtim te Irakut. Ofensiva e mevonshme iraniane brenda territorit irakian zgjati per 5 vjet, ^[7] me Irakun qe mori perseri iniciativen ne mesin e vitit 1988 dhe me pas nisi nje seri kunderofensivash te medha qe perfundimisht cuan ne perfundimin e luftes ne nje ngerc. ^[8]

Tete vitet e rraskapitjes nga lufta, shkaterrimi ekonomik, ulja e moralit, ngerci ushtarak, mosveprimi i komunitetit nderkombetar ndaj perdorimit te armeve te shkaterrimit ne mase nga forcat irakiane ndaj ushtareve dhe civileve iraniane, si dhe rritja e tensioneve ushtarake Iran-Shtetet e Bashkuara. arriti kulmin me pranimin nga Irani te nje armepushimi te ndermjetesuar nga Keshilli i Sigurimit i Kombeve te Bashkuara . Ne total, rreth 500.000 njerez u vrane gjate Luftes Iran-Irak (me Iranin qe mban pjesen me te madhe te viktimave), duke perjashtuar dhjetera mijera civile te vrare ne fushaten e njekohshme te Anfalit qe synoi Kurdistanin irakian . ^[9]^[10] Perfundimi i konfliktit nuk rezultoi ne reparacione dhe as ne ndryshime kufijsh, ^[11] dhe humbjet financiare te kombinuara te pesuar nga te dy luftetaret besohet te kene kaluar 1 trilion dollare . ^[12] Kishte nje numer forcash perfaqesuese qe vepronin per te dy vendet: Iraku dhe milicite separatiste arabe pro-irakene ne Iran u mbeshteten me se shumti nga Keshilli Kombetar i Rezistences se Iranit ; ndersa Irani rivendosi nje aleance me kurdet e Irakut, duke u mbeshtetur kryesisht nga Partia Demokratike e Kurdistanit dhe Unioni Patriotik i Kurdistanit . Gjate konfliktit, Iraku mori nje bollek ndihme financiare, politike dhe logjistike nga Shtetet e Bashkuara, Mbreteria e Bashkuar , Bashkimi Sovjetik , Franca , Italia , Jugosllavia dhe shumica derrmuese e vendeve arabe. Ndersa Irani ishte relativisht i izoluar ne nje shkalle te madhe, ai mori nje sasi te konsiderueshme ndihme nga Siria , Libia , Kina , Koreja e Veriut , Izraeli, Pakistani dhe Jemeni i Jugut.

Konflikti eshte krahasuar me Luften e Pare Boterore per sa i perket taktikave te perdorura nga te dyja palet, duke perfshire luften ne shkalle te gjere llogore me tela me gjemba te shtrira neper linjat e fortifikuara mbrojtese, postat e mitralozave te drejtuar, sulmet me bajonete , sulmet me vale njerezore iraniane, sulmet e gjera te Irakut. perdorimin e armeve kimike dhe sulmet e qellimshme ndaj objektivave civile. Nje tipar i dukshem i luftes ishte lavderimi i sanksionuar nga shteti i martirizimit midis femijeve iraniane; diskurset mbi martirizimin e formuluara ne kontekstin islamik shiit iranian cuan ne perdorimin e gjere te sulmeve me vale njerezore dhe keshtu paten nje ndikim te qendrueshem ne dinamiken e konfliktit. ^[13]

Shiko edhe [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Marredheniet Iran-Irak

Referime [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

^ Review, Catholic (2012-01-19). "Iraqi Christians were safer under Saddam" . Archdiocese of Baltimore (ne anglishte amerikane) . Marre me 2022-08-15 .
^ "Iraqi Christians want a stronger state and weaker militias - opinion" . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (ne anglishte amerikane) . Marre me 2022-08-15 .
^ "Iraqi Christians' long history" . BBC News (ne anglishte britanike). 2010-11-01 . Marre me 2022-08-15 .
^ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger' ". The Iran?Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History . Cambridge University Press . fq. 61?62 (e-book, page numbers approximate). ISBN 9781107062290 . Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Ariane M. Tabatabai, No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran's National Security Strategy , Oxford University Press, 2020, p198.
^ "Iran-Iraq War" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Marre me 2021-09-02 . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Molavi, Afshin (2005). The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom (bot. Revised). England: W. W. Norton & Company. fq. 152 . ISBN 978-0-393-32597-3 . {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Segal, David (28 janar 2009). "The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis" . Foreign Affairs – nepermjet www.foreignaffairs.com. {{ cite journal }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ "Iran-Iraq War" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Marre me 2021-09-02 . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
^ Golz, "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War." Arkivuar 17 maj 2019 tek Wayback Machine, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35?51, 35.

[1] Review, Catholic (2012-01-19). "Iraqi Christians were safer under Saddam" . Archdiocese of Baltimore (ne anglishte amerikane) . Marre me 2022-08-15 .

[2] "Iraqi Christians want a stronger state and weaker militias - opinion" . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (ne anglishte amerikane) . Marre me 2022-08-15 .

[3] "Iraqi Christians' long history" . BBC News (ne anglishte britanike). 2010-11-01 . Marre me 2022-08-15 .

[4] Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger' ". The Iran?Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History . Cambridge University Press . fq. 61?62 (e-book, page numbers approximate). ISBN 9781107062290 . Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[5] Ariane M. Tabatabai, No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran's National Security Strategy , Oxford University Press, 2020, p198.

[Britannica_Iran–Iraq_War-6] "Iran-Iraq War" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Marre me 2021-09-02 . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[molavi05-7] Molavi, Afshin (2005). The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom (bot. Revised). England: W. W. Norton & Company. fq. 152 . ISBN 978-0-393-32597-3 . {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[8] Segal, David (28 janar 2009). "The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis" . Foreign Affairs – nepermjet www.foreignaffairs.com. {{ cite journal }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[Britannica_Iran–Iraq_War2-9] "Iran-Iraq War" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Marre me 2021-09-02 . {{ cite encyclopedia }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[Riedel-10] Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[Riedel2-11] Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[Riedel3-12] Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. fq. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8 . The Iran?Iraq War was devastating?one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the Korean conflict ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war. {{ cite book }}: Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

[13] Golz, "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War." Arkivuar 17 maj 2019 tek Wayback Machine, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35?51, 35.

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