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Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland

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??? ????:	357,021 km²
?????:	82,800,000 (2016?)
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????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.(????: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , ???? ( ??? · ??? ) ), ^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[2] ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ? 16 ????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ???? 357022 ?? ???? ??????? (137847 ?? ???? ???) ???, ???? ? 348672 ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? 8350 ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???.?? ?? ????? ???? 2389 ??????? ???. ??? ??????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2017 ? 8?05?94?017 ???. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (Ruhr) ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????(???) ? ????? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ??????? ???.

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????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???.??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??. ^[3]

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1907 ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???. ^[4] ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? 380000 ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? (Schoningen) ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ^[5]?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???. ????????? ?? ??? ???? 40000 ???? ??? ????? ???.

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???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???????????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????-???? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????. ^[6]????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? 9 ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? (Cherusci) ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????.?? 100 ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???.??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? (Frisii)? ???????? (Sicambri) ? ???????? (Thuringi) ????? ???? ???. ?? 260 ??????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???. ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???.. ^[8]

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??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???.
1. ???? ??????? (Baden-Wurttemberg)--
2. ?????? (Bavaria)--
3. ???? (Berlin)--
4. ?????? ??? (Brandenburg)__
5. ????? (Bremen)--
6. ?????? (Hamburg )--
7. ???? (Hesse)
8. ???? ?????? (Lower Saxony)
9. ????? ??? ??? ????? (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)
10. ???? ???? ???????? (North Rhine Westphalia)
11. ???? ???? ????????? (Rhineland Palatinate)
12. ?????? (Saarland)
13. ?????? (Saxony)
14. ?????? ??????? (Saxony-Anhalt)
15. ???? ?? ??????? (Schleswig-Holstein)
16. ??????? (Thuringia)

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ IPA transcription of " Bundesrepublik Deutschland ": [?b?nd?s?epu?bli:k ?d??t?lant]

↑ "World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
↑ Mangold, Max, ed (1995) (German ?). Duden, Ausspracheworterbuch (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 271, 53f. ISBN 978-3-411-20916-3 .
↑ Schulze, Hagen (1998). Germany: A New History . Harvard University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-674-80688-3 .
↑ Wagner, G. A; Krbetschek, M; Degering, D; Bahain, J.-J; Shao, Q; Falgueres, C; Voinchet, P; Dolo, J.-M et al . (27 August 2010). Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany . 107 . pp. 19726?19730. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1012722107 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS..10719726W . http://www.pnas.org/content/107/46/19726.full . Retrieved 27 August 2010 .
↑ "World's Oldest Spears" . archive.archaeology.org . ??? 8 February 2013 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 27 August 2010 .
↑ Claster, Jill N. (1982). Medieval Experience: 300?1400 . New York University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-8147-1381-5 .
↑ Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The crisis of empire, A.D. 193?337 . The Cambridge Ancient History. 12 . Cambridge University Press. p. 442. ISBN 0-521-30199-8 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Fulbrook, Mary (1991). A Concise History of Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36836-0 , pp. 9?13.
↑ Fichtner, Paula S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria . Volume 70 (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978-0810863101 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ilyK1_1f0zYC : "When the Romans began to appear in the region, shortly before the beginning of the Christian era, they turned Noricum into an administrative province, which encompassed much of what today is Austria."
↑ Modi, J. J. (1916). " The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs ". The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay 10 (7) . https://archive.org/stream/TheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay/The-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay#page/n651/mode/2up . "Raetia (modern Bavaria and the adjoining country)".
↑ Ruger, C. (2004) [1996]. " Germany ". in Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew. The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 . Volume 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26430-8 . https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 .

[2] IPA transcription of " Bundesrepublik Deutschland ": [?b?nd?s?epu?bli:k ?d??t?lant]

[CIA_2011-1] "World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

[3] Mangold, Max, ed (1995) (German ?). Duden, Ausspracheworterbuch (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 271, 53f. ISBN 978-3-411-20916-3 .

[4] Schulze, Hagen (1998). Germany: A New History . Harvard University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-674-80688-3 .

[5] Wagner, G. A; Krbetschek, M; Degering, D; Bahain, J.-J; Shao, Q; Falgueres, C; Voinchet, P; Dolo, J.-M et al . (27 August 2010). Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany . 107 . pp. 19726?19730. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1012722107 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS..10719726W . http://www.pnas.org/content/107/46/19726.full . Retrieved 27 August 2010 .

[6] "World's Oldest Spears" . archive.archaeology.org . ??? 8 February 2013 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 27 August 2010 .

[7] Claster, Jill N. (1982). Medieval Experience: 300?1400 . New York University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-8147-1381-5 .

[autogenerated1-8] Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The crisis of empire, A.D. 193?337 . The Cambridge Ancient History. 12 . Cambridge University Press. p. 442. ISBN 0-521-30199-8 .

[9-13-9] 8.0 ^8.1 Fulbrook, Mary (1991). A Concise History of Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36836-0 , pp. 9?13.

[10] Fichtner, Paula S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria . Volume 70 (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978-0810863101 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ilyK1_1f0zYC : "When the Romans began to appear in the region, shortly before the beginning of the Christian era, they turned Noricum into an administrative province, which encompassed much of what today is Austria."

[11] Modi, J. J. (1916). " The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs ". The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay 10 (7) . https://archive.org/stream/TheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay/The-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay#page/n651/mode/2up . "Raetia (modern Bavaria and the adjoining country)".

[12] Ruger, C. (2004) [1996]. " Germany ". in Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew. The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 . Volume 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26430-8 . https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 .

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