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	A real-color image taken by Mariner 10 in newly processed view (8 June 2020); the surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds
Designations
Pronunciation	/ ? v iː n ? s /
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728 213 AU ; 108,939,000 km ;
Perihelion	0.718 440 AU ; 107,477,000 km ;
Semi-major axis	0.723 332 AU ; 108,208,000 km ;
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period	224.701 d ; 0.615 198 yr ; 1.92 Venus solar day ;
Synodic period	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.394 58 ° to ecliptic ; 3.86° to Sun 's equator ; 2.19° to invariable plane ;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8 ± 1.0 km ; 0.9499 Earths ;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023 × 10 8 km 2 ; 0.902 Earths ;
Volume	9.2843 × 10 11 km 3 ; 0.866 Earths ;
Mass	4.8675 × 10 24 kg ; 0.815 Earths ;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm 3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s 2 ; 0.904 g ;
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Sidereal rotation period	?243.025 d ( retrograde )
Equatorial rotation velocity	6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation)
North pole right ascension	?????:RA ; 272.76° ;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 ( geometric ) ; 0.76 ( Bond ) ;
Apparent magnitude	?4.92 to ?2.98
Angular diameter	9.7″?66.0″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	92 bar (9.2 MPa ) ; 91 atm
Composition by volume	96.5% carbon dioxide ; 3.5% nitrogen ; 0.015% sulfur dioxide ; 0.0070% argon ; 0.0020% water vapour ; 0.0017% carbon monoxide ; 0.0012% helium ; 0.0007% neon ; Trace carbonyl sulfide ; Trace hydrogen chloride ; Trace hydrogen fluoride ;

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?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????-?, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (greenhouse effect) ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? K (??? °C; ??? °F) ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? (?? ?????) ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ^[?] ^[?] ^[?]???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????-?, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????????? (plate tectonics) ????? ????? ????????? (resurfacing) ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? Jldi ?? ????? ^[?]^[?]

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↑ "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics" . NASA . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 .
↑ "The Shadow of Venus" . web.archive.org . 2012-06-11. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11 . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .
↑ "Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight" . www.fourmilab.ch . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .
↑ "The new solar system | WorldCat.org" . www.worldcat.org (in ????????) . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .
↑ Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (2008-12-31). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data" . Journal of Geophysical Research (in ????????). 113 . doi : 10.1029/2008JE003134 . ISSN 0148-0227 .
↑ #author.fullName}. "Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?" . New Scientist (in ???????? ????????) . Retrieved 2023-08-14 . {{ cite web }}: |last= has generic name ( help )
↑ "Moons" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .
↑ "Overview | Moons ? NASA Solar System Exploration" . web.archive.org . 2019-10-19. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19 . Retrieved 2023-08-14 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )

[1] "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics" . NASA . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 .

[2] "The Shadow of Venus" . web.archive.org . 2012-06-11. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11 . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .

[3] "Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight" . www.fourmilab.ch . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .

[4] "The new solar system | WorldCat.org" . www.worldcat.org (in ????????) . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .

[5] Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (2008-12-31). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data" . Journal of Geophysical Research (in ????????). 113 . doi : 10.1029/2008JE003134 . ISSN 0148-0227 .

[6] #author.fullName}. "Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?" . New Scientist (in ???????? ????????) . Retrieved 2023-08-14 . {{ cite web }}: |last= has generic name ( help )

[7] "Moons" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Retrieved 2023-08-14 .

[8] "Overview | Moons ? NASA Solar System Exploration" . web.archive.org . 2019-10-19. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19 . Retrieved 2023-08-14 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )

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