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????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? '?? ?????/??? ?????? '?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? '?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ^[2] ???????? ?????? ????????? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??, ^[3] ???? ?? ?????? ?????-?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??? '?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ???, ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??: ??????? ???? ?? ??? '?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? '?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? '?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???

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?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ^[4] ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??, ^[4]^[5] ???? 30,000 ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ( ???? ?????????? ?? ??? )? ^[6] ?? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ^[7] ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ( ??????-??????? ) ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???

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????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? 12??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????, ????????? ???-?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???

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1609 ????, ????-??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ^[8] 1924 ????, ??-????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ^[8]

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?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ^[9] ????? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ^[10] 14??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? '??, ?????? ??? ?? ??? '?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ^[11]^[12] ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ^[13] ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ^[14]

??? [ ???? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? '?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???

?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ????????, ???, ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??, ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? '?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

???? [ ???? ]

↑ www.sbctc.edu (adapted). "Module 6: Media for 2-D Art" (PDF) . Saylor.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-09 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 .
↑ "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
↑ See grisaille and chiaroscuro
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Tversky, B (2011). "Visualizing thought". Topics in Cognitive Science . 3 (3): 499?535. doi : 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01113.x . PMID 25164401 .
↑ Farthing, S (2011). "The Bigger Picture of Drawing" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .
↑ Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine . 2011c ^{[
page needed
]}
↑ Robinson, A (2009). Writing and script: a very short introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kovats, T (2005). The Drawing Book . London: Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 9781904772330 .
↑ Walker, J. F; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Old Manuals and New Pencils". Drawing- The Process . Bristol: Intellect Books.
↑ See the discussion on erasable drawing boards and 'tafeletten' in van de Wetering, Ernst (2000). Rembrandt: The Painter at Work .
↑ Burton, J. "Preface" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .
↑ (Thesis). {{ cite thesis }}: Missing or empty |title= ( help )
↑ Davis, P; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Drawing a Blank". Drawing ? The Process . Bristol: Intellect Books. pp. 15 ?25. ISBN 9781841500768 .
↑ Simmons, S (2011). "Philosophical Dimension of Drawing Instruction" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .

[SBTCModule6-1] www.sbctc.edu (adapted). "Module 6: Media for 2-D Art" (PDF) . Saylor.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-09 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 .

[2] "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

[3] See grisaille and chiaroscuro

[Tversky_2011_499–535-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Tversky, B (2011). "Visualizing thought". Topics in Cognitive Science . 3 (3): 499?535. doi : 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01113.x . PMID 25164401 .

[5] Farthing, S (2011). "The Bigger Picture of Drawing" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .

[6] Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine . 2011c ^{[
page needed
]}

[7] Robinson, A (2009). Writing and script: a very short introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.

[Kovats_2005-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Kovats, T (2005). The Drawing Book . London: Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 9781904772330 .

[9] Walker, J. F; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Old Manuals and New Pencils". Drawing- The Process . Bristol: Intellect Books.

[10] See the discussion on erasable drawing boards and 'tafeletten' in van de Wetering, Ernst (2000). Rembrandt: The Painter at Work .

[11] Burton, J. "Preface" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .

[12] (Thesis). {{ cite thesis }}: Missing or empty |title= ( help )

[13] Davis, P; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Drawing a Blank". Drawing ? The Process . Bristol: Intellect Books. pp. 15 ?25. ISBN 9781841500768 .

[14] Simmons, S (2011). "Philosophical Dimension of Drawing Instruction" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .

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