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?????, ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? (???? ???? ???) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ^[1]^[2] ????? ??? "????, ??????, ?????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???" ^[3] ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??; ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????

???? (?????) ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ???-??? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???-??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? '?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???

????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ^[4]

???? ?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????, ??????, ?????????, ???) ??? ??????? (??????? ??????????, ???) ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???, ????? ?? ???, ?????? ???????????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? '?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???

?????? ?? ??? [ ???? ]

?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? 18 ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??; ???????, ????? ??? 16 ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 21 ????? ???? ?? (??? ????? ???? ????)? ????? ???????? ?? ?? 21 ??? ?? ???? 18 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????

??? ?? ??? [ ???? ]

??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? '?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???-??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? '?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? (??? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??)? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????-????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ^[5]

???????? ?? ??? [ ???? ]

????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????, ??????, ?? ????????, ???????, ??????, ???????, ?????????, ???????, ??????????, ?????, ?????????, ???, ????? ???, ????????, ?????, ???????? ?????? (???????) ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 14 ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? 23 ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, 18 ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???

??????? ??????? ??? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? '????? ?? ???', 18 ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???

??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? ????, ????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ??????, ???????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???

???? ??? ?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??, ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ^[6] ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ^[7] ?????? ??? ?????? ????, 16 ??? 24 ??? ?? ??? ?? 12.3 ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ^[8]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Youth" . Macmillan Dictionary . Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved 2013-8-15.
↑ "Youth" . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved November 6, 2012 .
↑ "Youth" . Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 6, 2012 .
↑ ????. ?????? ??? ???. "???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )
↑ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies
↑ Furlong, Andy (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction . USA: Routledge. pp. 48?49. ISBN 978-0-415-56476-2 .
↑ Njapa-Minyard, Pamela (2010). "After-school Programs: Attracting and Sustaining Youth Participation" . International Journal of Learning . 17 (9): 177?182. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30 . Retrieved 2018-05-14 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis. Promising Gains, Persistent Gaps: Youth Disconnection in America. 2017. Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council.

[1] "Youth" . Macmillan Dictionary . Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved 2013-8-15.

[Youth1-2] "Youth" . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved November 6, 2012 .

[Youth2-3] "Youth" . Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 6, 2012 .

[4] ????. ?????? ??? ???. "???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????" . ?????? ???????? . {{ cite news }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )

[Icap_Reports_4-5] Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies

[Furlong3-6] Furlong, Andy (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction . USA: Routledge. pp. 48?49. ISBN 978-0-415-56476-2 .

[7] Njapa-Minyard, Pamela (2010). "After-school Programs: Attracting and Sustaining Youth Participation" . International Journal of Learning . 17 (9): 177?182. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30 . Retrieved 2018-05-14 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[8] Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis. Promising Gains, Persistent Gaps: Youth Disconnection in America. 2017. Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council.

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