??? ??????? (?. 5 ???????? , 1854 , ????????? ? ?. 14 ??????? , 1941 , ?????? ) ? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? (1913).

1877 ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. 1844?1930 ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????. 1927 ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? . 1909 ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ????????, ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? - ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? (1912).

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

• ??????? ??????? ???????????? , ?. 8, ??. , 1984. ? ??. 546.

?   ?   ?   ?   ? ← 1912 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? → ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ( ?????????? ) ?????? ???? ?????? ( ??????? ) ????? ?????? ???????? ( ?????????? ) ??? ??????? ( ?????????? ) ?????????? ??????? ????????? ( ???????? ) ???????? ???? ???? ( ??? ) ????????? ??????? 1969 ??????.

?   ?   ?   ?   ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? 1901?1925 1901 ????? ??????? ????-???? 1902 ???? ?????? 1903 ?????? ???????? 1904 ?????? ?????? 1905 ????? ?????? 1906 ???? ??????? 1907 ?????? ??????? 1908 ?????? ?????????? 1909 ??????? ???????? 1910 ??? ?????? 1911 ???? ??????????-????? 1912 ?????? ???????? / ??? ??????? 1913 ?????? ??????? 1914 ?????? ?????? ???????? 1915 ?????? ?????????? 1918 ???? ?????? 1920 ?????? ??????? 1921 ???????? ???? 1922 ??????? ?????? 1923 ???? ??????? 1925 ?????? ???????? 1926?1950 1926 ?????? ????????? 1927 ??????? ??????? 1928 ????? ???????? 1929 ????? ??????? / ???? ??????? 1930 ???? ?????? 1931 ???? ???? / ??????? ???????? 1932 ?????? ????????? 1934 ?????? ???? 1935 ???????? ?????-????? / ???? ?????-????? 1936 ????? ????? ??????? ????? 1937 ?????? ?????? ??????? / ???? ?????? 1938 ?????? ???? 1939 ????? ????????? / ??????? ??????? 1943 ????? ?????? 1944 ??? ???? 1945 ?????? ?????? ????????? 1946 ????? ??????? / ??? ???????? / ?????? ??????? ?????? 1947 ?????? ????????? 1948 ???? ????????? 1949 ?????? ????? 1950 ??? ????? / ???? ?????? 1951?1975 1951 ????? ??????? ????????? / ???? ?????? ??????? 1952 ????? ??????? / ?????? ????? 1953 ?????? ??????????? 1954 ?????? ??????? 1955 ??????? ??? ????? 1956 ????? ?????? ?????????? / ??????? ????????? 1957 ?????????? ???? 1958 ???????? ??????? 1959 ???????? ????????? 1960 ?????? ???? 1961 ?????? ??????? 1962 ???? ?????? / ??? ?????? 1963 ???? ??????? / ????? ???? 1964 ?????? ??????? 1965 ?????? ???????? 1966 ?????? ???????? 1967 ??????? ?????? / ?????? ?????? / ???? ??????? 1968 ???? ???????? 1969 ????? ??????? / ?? ?????? 1970 ???? ??????? 1971 ?????? ????????? 1972 ???????? ????? ????????? / ???????? ???? / ?????? ?????? 1973 ????? ??? ?????? / ????? ?????????? 1974 ??? ????? 1975 ??? ????????? / ???????? ??????? 1976?2000 1976 ?????? ???????? 1977 ???? ????????? 1978 ????? ?????? 1979 ??????? ?????? / ????? ?????? 1980 ??? ????? / ?????? ???????? / ???????? ??????? 1981 ?????? ????? / ????? ??????? 1982 ????? ????? 1983 ????? ????? 1984 ?????? ????????? 1985 ??????? ????????? / ????? ????? 1986 ????? ???????? / ??? ??? / ??? ?????? 1987 ?????? ????? / ??? ???? ???? / ????? ????????? 1988 ????? ???????????? / ?????? ?????? / ??????? ?????? 1989 ????? ??????? / ????? ???? 1990 ????? ???? 1991 ?????? ?????? 1992 ?????? ??????? 1993 ???? ?????? / ????? ????? 1994 ???? ????? 1995 ??? ???????? / ????? ?????? / ?????? ???????? 1996 ?????? ????? / ?????? ????? / ?????? ????? 1997 ??? ?????? / ??? ?????? / ???? ???? 1998 ?????? ???? / ??? ????? 1999 ????? ??????? 2000 ???? ?????? / ???? ???-???????? / ?????? ???????? 2001??????? 2001 ?????? ?????? / ????? ?????? / ???? ???????? 2002 ??? ???? / ????? ?????? / ???? ???????? 2003 ????? ???? / ??????? ???-?????? 2004 ????? ?????????? / ????? ?????? / ????? ????? 2005 ?????? ?????? / ?????? ????? / ?? ?????? 2006 ????? ????????? 2007 ??????? ????? 2008 ????? ???????? / ?????? ????? / ????? ????? 2009 ??????????? ???????????? / ????? ?????? / ??? ?????? 2010 ?????? ???? / ????? ?????? / ??-??? ?????? 2011 ??? ???????? 2012 ?????? ????????? / ?????? ??????? 2013 ?????? ???????? / ????? ?????? / ???? ??????? 2014 ???? ?????? / ?????? ???? / ?????? ???????? 2015 ????? ??????? / ??? ??????? / ???? ??????? 2016 ???-???? ?????? / ??????? ???????? / ??? ??????? 2017 ??? ??????? / ?????? ?????? / ?????? ?????????? 2018 ??????? ??????? / ??????? ??????? / ???? ????? 2019 ??? ???????? / ?????? ????????? / ????? ?????? 2020 ??????? ????????? / ??????? ????? 2021 ????? ????????? / ???????? ????? 2022 ??????? ??????? / ???? ???????? / ?????? ???????