????????????? ??????????????

????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? (??? ???????????)

????????????? ????????????????? ( ????. ? die Nurnberger Prozesse ), ???????? ????????????????? ????, ?? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????, ??????????????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????????????? ??????? ? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ? ????? ≪?????????? ????????? ??????????????≫ ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??, ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ≪?????????? ???????? ???????????≫ ????? 1945 ??????? ????????? 25-?? ????? 1946 ?????????? 1-? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? 24 ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? , ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? , ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? 1945 ??????? ??????? ^[1]? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???-???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???-? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? , ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? , ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????

??????? ????? ??? 1961 ?? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????` 1921 ??????? ?????-?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????, ??????, ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????????????? 1940 ??????? ????????? ????????? ` ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? 1940 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? 1943 ??????? ????????? 1-?? ???? -?, ??????? ??????????????? ? ??? -? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ^[2]? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ????? ????????????? 2006 ??????? ???????? 2-??, ????? ??????, ?? ????? 1944 ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ^[3]?

1943 ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? 50,000?100,000 ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ` ??????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ????, ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????" ^[4]^[5]: ????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???-? ??????? ????????? ??, ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ^[6]. ?? ?????? ? ????? ≪??????????? ????≫? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ^[7]? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????, ???-?, ????????? ? ????-? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??? 1945 ??????? ????????? 20-?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????

??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1942 ??????? ?????? 20-?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????????≫? ??????? (1943), ??????? (1945) ? ???????? (1945) ??????????????? ??????? ????????????` ?????????, ???-? ? ????-? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????, ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ?????? 1945 ??????? ???????? 8-??? ????? 200 ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????????, ??? 1600-? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????, ???, ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? 1939 ??????? ?????????? 1-?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????????????

?????????????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????-? ????????? ??` ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??. ^[8]

??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ^[8]? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????-??` ???????, ?? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ^[9]^[10]^[11]: ??????? ???, ?? ?????? ??????????????? (??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????) ???? ? ???????? ??????????????? ^[9]^[11]?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ????????

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? (???????? ???????)
???? ??????? ????????? ??????? (?????????????? ???????)
??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? (???????? ???????), ?????????? ???????
??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? (?????????????? ???????)
??? ??????? ????? (???????? ???????)
??? ???? ?. ?????? (?????????????? ???????)
??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? (???????? ???????)
??????? ????? ????? (?????????????? ???????)?

??????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
??? ?????? ?. ???????
???? ????? ?????????
??????? ???????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? 1954 ??????? ????????? 19-?? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ^[12]^[13]? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????` ??????? 24 ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ? 7 ??????????????? ???. ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ? ≪??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????≫? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???.

??????????????? ???????????? ???` ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????
???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????????????? ???????????, ??????????? ? ????????????
???????????? ????????????????????
??????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????

?????????????????? ????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??????????? ??????????? ????

1946 ??????? ?????????? 17-? ??????

1945 ??????? ????????? 20. ?????????????????? ???????
1945 ??????? ????????? 21. ??????? ?????? ?. ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????
1945 ??????? ????????? 26. ??????????? ???????? ????????? (??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????)
1945 ??????? ????????? 29. ?????????? ≪?????????? ???????????????? ?????????≫ ?????
1945 ??????? ?????????? 11. ?????????? ≪?????????? ?????≫ ?????
1946 ??????? ???????? 3. ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? 90,000 ???????? ?????????? ?????
1946 ??????? ???????? 28. ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????` ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????
1946 ??????? ???????? 27. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? 80.000 ???????? ?????????? ?????
1946 ??????? ?????? 15. ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????
1946 ??????? ?????? 21. ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? 1939 ??????? ???????-?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????
1946 ??????? ??????? 1-2. ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????
1946 ??????? ??????? 4. ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????
1946 ??????? ??????? 26. ???????????? ????????? ???????????????????
1946 ??????? ??????? 30. ???????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????
1946 ??????? ?????????? 1. ?????????????? ??????
1946 ??????? ?????????? 30-?????????? 1. ?????????????? ????????????` ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ^[14]?

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???????????? ???????????? 1946 ??????? ?????????? 16-?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ^[15]^[16]^[17]? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?. ?????? ?? ^[18]? ???????? ??????????? 12 ?????????????? 10-? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? 1945 ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????

????????????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ≪????????????? ??????????????≫ , ??? ?????????-?????????? ?` ????????? ????????????? ????????????

??????? ????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????.

??????? ??????????????,
??????? ??????????????,
??????? ??????????????????,
?????? ??????????????????,
?????????? ??????? ??????????????????,
????????? ?????????????????,
???????????? ??????????????,
??????????? ??????????????????

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ Cooper 2011 , p. 38. "On October 6, in Berlin, the Chief Prosecutors signed the momentous Indictment setting forth the charges ... against Hermann Goring and his associates and the six organizations, named as criminal, to which they belonged."
↑ Heller 2011 , page 9 . According to Marrus 1997 , page 563 , Roosevelt had already written to Rabbi Stephen Wise, president of the American Jewish Congress, in July 1942, saying: "The American people not only sympathise with all victims of Nazi crimes, but will hold the perpetrators of these crimes to strict accountability in a day of reckoning which will surely come."
↑ ≪Shooting top Nazis? The Nuremberg option wasn't apple pie either≫ . The Guardian . 2012 ?? ?????????? 26 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????? 21-?? .
↑ Crossland, John (2006 ?? ???????? 1). ≪Churchill: execute Hitler without trial≫ . The Sunday Times . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ????????? 23-?? .
↑ Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting ?????????? 2006-06-29 Wayback Machine , 29 November 1943, Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM
↑ ≪The original memorandum from 1944, signed by Morgenthau≫ . Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 2004 ?? ?????? 27. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 4-?? .
↑ ≪The original Morgenthau memorandum from 1944≫ . Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 2004 ?? ?????? 27. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 4-?? .
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 32 pp.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 Heydecker, Joe J.; Leeb, Johannes (1979). Der Nurnberger Prozeß (German). Koln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch. ?? 97. {{ cite book }}: CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )
↑ Minutes of 2nd meeting of BWCE and the Representatives of the USA . Kew , London : Lord Chancellor's Office , Public Record Office . 1945 ?? ??????? 21.
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 Rough Notes Meeting with Russians . Kew , London : Lord Chancellor's Office , Public Record Office . 1945 ?? ??????? 29.
↑ Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 78 pp.
↑ Summary of the indictment in Department of State Bulletin , October 21, 1945, p. 595
↑ Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 78?84 pp.
↑ War Crimes: Night without Dawn. ?????????? 2009-11-02 Wayback Machine Time Magazine Monday 28 October 1946
↑ Shnayerson, Robert (1996 ?? ?????????). ≪Judgment at Nuremberg≫ (PDF) . Smithsonian Magazine . ???? 124?141. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2011 ?? ?????? 30-??. ≪The trial removed 11 of the most despicable Nazis from life itself. In the early morning hours of Wednesday, October 16, 1946, ten men died in the courthouse gymnasium in a botched hanging that left some strangled to death for as long as 25 minutes.≫
↑ ≪The Trial of the Century? and of All Time, part two≫ . Flagpole Magazine . 2002 ?? ??????? 17. ?? 6. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ????? 2-??. ≪the experienced Army hangman, Master Sgt. John C. Woods, botched the execution. A number of the hanged Nazis died, not quickly from a broken neck as intended, but agonizingly from slow strangulation . Ribbentrop and Sauckel each took 14 minutes to choke to death, while Keitel, whose death was the most painful, struggled for 28 minutes at the end of the rope before expiring.≫
↑ Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 87 pp.

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

Biddiss, Michael (1995). ≪Victors' Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal≫ (PDF) . History Today . 45 (5). ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2019 ?? ?????????? 10-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 9-?? .
Bower, Tom (1995) [1981]. Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America and the Purging of Nazi Germany?A Pledge Betrayed (2nd revised ed.). London Little, Brown . ISBN 978-0-316-87668-1 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 ????? location missing publisher ( link )
Brunner, Jose (2001 ?? ?????????). ≪ "Oh those crazy cards again": a history of the debate on the Nazi Rorschachs, 1946?2001≫ . Political Psychology . Wiley . 22 (2): 233?261. doi : 10.1111/0162-895X.00237 . JSTOR 3791925 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 ????? postscript ( link )
Cooper, Robert W. (2011) [1947]. The Nuremberg Trial . London: Faber & Faber . ISBN 978-0-571-27273-0 .
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Fichtelberg, Aaron (2009), ≪Fair Trials and International Courts: A Critical Evaluation of the Nuremberg Legacy≫, Criminal Justice Ethics , ProQuest Criminal Justice, 28 (1): 5?24 {{ citation }}: |access-date= requires |url= ( ?????????? ) .
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MacLean, French L. (2013). The Fifth Field: The Story of the 96 American Soldiers Sentenced to Death and Executed in Europe and North Africa in World War II , . Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing,. {{ cite book }}: CS1 ????? ???????? ????????????? ( link )
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Smith, Bradley F. (1977). Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg . Basic Books .
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Zolo, Danilo (2009). Victors' Justice: From Nuremberg to Baghdad . New York & London: Verso Books . ISBN 978-1-84467-317-9 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2017 ?? ??????? 6-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 9-?? .

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
Documentary shown at the Nuremberg trial in November 1945 exhibiting the horrors of the concentration camps
The Nuremberg Trials (???????? ?????) on the Yad Vashem website
Official records of the Nuremberg trials (The Blue series) in 42 volumes from the records of the Library of congress
Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection Cornell Law Library
Nuremberg Trials Project: A digital document collection ?????????? 2016-02-08 Wayback Machine Harvard Law School Library
The Avalon Project
- Charter of the International Military Tribunal ?????????? 2014-02-14 Wayback Machine (Nuremberg trials)
The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials ?????????? 2010-11-25 Wayback Machine
Special focus on The trials ? USHMM ?????????? 2013-09-12 Wayback Machine
A Tree Fell in the Forest: The Nuremberg Judgments 60 Years On , JURIST
Bringing a Nazi to justice: how I cross-examined 'fat boy' Goring , guardian.co.uk
The Nuremberg Judgments , Chapter 6 from The High Cost of Vengeance , by Freda Utley , Henry Regnery Company , Chicago, (1948). Made available by "The Freda Utley Foundation"
Francine Hirsch, The Soviets at Nuremberg: International Law, Propaganda, and the Making of the Postwar Order (???????? ?????)
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg trials transcripts and documentary evidence of German medical experiments in the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity 1946?1947 , United States National Library of Medicine
"Nuremberg Trial Collection" The Northwestern University Special Collections archival collection amassed by Charles J. Gallagher, a court reporter at the trials.

[1] Cooper 2011 , p. 38. "On October 6, in Berlin, the Chief Prosecutors signed the momentous Indictment setting forth the charges ... against Hermann Goring and his associates and the six organizations, named as criminal, to which they belonged."

[2] Heller 2011 , page 9 . According to Marrus 1997 , page 563 , Roosevelt had already written to Rabbi Stephen Wise, president of the American Jewish Congress, in July 1942, saying: "The American people not only sympathise with all victims of Nazi crimes, but will hold the perpetrators of these crimes to strict accountability in a day of reckoning which will surely come."

[AD042113-3] ≪Shooting top Nazis? The Nuremberg option wasn't apple pie either≫ . The Guardian . 2012 ?? ?????????? 26 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????? 21-?? .

[Churchill:_execute_Hitler_without_trial-4] Crossland, John (2006 ?? ???????? 1). ≪Churchill: execute Hitler without trial≫ . The Sunday Times . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ????????? 23-?? .

[teachingamericanhistory-5] Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting ?????????? 2006-06-29 Wayback Machine , 29 November 1943, Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM

[marist-6] ≪The original memorandum from 1944, signed by Morgenthau≫ . Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 2004 ?? ?????? 27. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 4-?? .

[7] ≪The original Morgenthau memorandum from 1944≫ . Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 2004 ?? ?????? 27. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 4-?? .

[Catalogue1-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 32 pp.

[heydecker-leeb-9] 9,0 ^9,1 Heydecker, Joe J.; Leeb, Johannes (1979). Der Nurnberger Prozeß (German). Koln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch. ?? 97. {{ cite book }}: CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )

[PRO-LCO-2/2980-1-10] Minutes of 2nd meeting of BWCE and the Representatives of the USA . Kew , London : Lord Chancellor's Office , Public Record Office . 1945 ?? ??????? 21.

[PRO-LCO-2/2980-2-11] 11,0 ^11,1 Rough Notes Meeting with Russians . Kew , London : Lord Chancellor's Office , Public Record Office . 1945 ?? ??????? 29.

[Catalogue2-12] Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 78 pp.

[indictment-13] Summary of the indictment in Department of State Bulletin , October 21, 1945, p. 595

[Catalogue10-14] Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 78?84 pp.

[time-15] War Crimes: Night without Dawn. ?????????? 2009-11-02 Wayback Machine Time Magazine Monday 28 October 1946

[Judgment_at_Nuremberg-16] Shnayerson, Robert (1996 ?? ?????????). ≪Judgment at Nuremberg≫ (PDF) . Smithsonian Magazine . ???? 124?141. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2011 ?? ?????? 30-??. ≪The trial removed 11 of the most despicable Nazis from life itself. In the early morning hours of Wednesday, October 16, 1946, ten men died in the courthouse gymnasium in a botched hanging that left some strangled to death for as long as 25 minutes.≫

[All_Time,_part_two-17] ≪The Trial of the Century? and of All Time, part two≫ . Flagpole Magazine . 2002 ?? ??????? 17. ?? 6. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ????? 2-??. ≪the experienced Army hangman, Master Sgt. John C. Woods, botched the execution. A number of the hanged Nazis died, not quickly from a broken neck as intended, but agonizingly from slow strangulation . Ribbentrop and Sauckel each took 14 minutes to choke to death, while Keitel, whose death was the most painful, struggled for 28 minutes at the end of the rope before expiring.≫

[Catalogue9-18] Henkel (ed.), Matthias (2011), Memoriam Nuernberger Prozesse, exhibition catalogue (German) , Nuremberg: Museen der Stadt Nuernberg {{ citation }}: |last= has generic name ( ?????????? ) , 87 pp.

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