????
?????????	≪? ??? ???????≫ ( For the Benefit of All )
????????????????	?????????? ?????????????????
???????? ????????	29 ??????? 1958 ?.
????????????	????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? (3 ????? 1915 ?.)
?????????? ?	??? ???-??????? ??? ??????????????
??????? ?????????	??? ????????? (?????????)
????????	????? ?????? ( Charles F. Bolden, Jr. )
??????	????-??????????
????????	???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
????????????	18800 (11 ???????? 2011)
???????	17,6 ??????? ????? (??????? 2009)

????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? (????) (????. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ?????? NASA), ???????????????, ??? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????????, ?????????? ? ????????????? ??? ???-????????? ? 100% ?????????????? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????-? ? ??? ????????????????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????????

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????-? ???????? ? 1958 ??????? ??????? 29-?? ???? -? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????

??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? (1959-63 ??.) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪????????≫
?????????	1 ????
???????	1355  ??
????????????	4,04  ?
????????? ????????	1,89 ?
??????? ?????	1,7 ? 3
?????? ???????????	1  ??
???? ????????	≪?????????≫ ≪????? ?≫

???????? , ( ????. ? Mercury )  - ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ≪?????????≫ ? ≪????? ?≫ ???? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ≪????????≫ ??????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ≪??????≫ ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????-??????????? ????, ????? ????????????? ≪??????≫ ? ≪??????≫ ??????????? ???? ???, ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ≪??????≫-??????? ≪????????≫ ????????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ≪??????≫-?????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????????, ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ≪??????≫-??????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??

?????? (1961-66 ??.) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪??????≫
?????????	2 ????
???????	3851 ??
????????????	5.67 ?
???????????? ????????	3.05 ?
??????? ?????	2.55 м 3
?????? ???????????	14 ??
???? ?????	????? 2

?????? ( ????. ? Gemini ), ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ≪??????≫ ????? ????????????? ≪????????≫ -???? ???????????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????????????? (2 ?????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ????)? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? 41 ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? 10 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????

?????? (1961-72 ??.) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ?????? - ????-? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ? 1961 ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ( ??????-11 ) ? ???????? ? 1975 ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? 1961 ??????? ?????????? 12-? ?? ?????????, ??? ??????????? 1969 ??????? ??????? 20-?? ??????-11-? ???????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???, ??????? 1972 ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????

?????? - ?????? (1972-75 ??.) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪??????≫ - ≪??????≫ ????????? ??????? ( ????. ? Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) ???????? ` Экспериментальный полёт Союз - Аполлон (ЭПАС)), ????????? ≪??????-19≫ ??????????? ? ????????? ≪??????≫ ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????

??????? ????????? ? 1972 ??????? ?????? 24-?? ???? -? ? ??? -? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????

?????? ???????? ?????????? ???`

• ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ;
• ?????-????? ????? ??????????? ??????????;
• ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????;
• ???? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????

???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????, ????????????????? ???? ? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ( ????. ? Skylab , ????. ? sky laboratory (???????????? ???????? ???????????)), ????????? ?????????? ????? , ?????????? ??????????, ??????????????, ?????-???????? ??????????????????, ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ? 1973 ??????? ?????? 14-??, ???????? ? ???? ??????????? 1973 ??????? ??????? ????? 1974 ??????? ????????, ???? ? ???????? ? ???????? 1979 ??????? ??????? 11-???
????????????? 24,6 ?, ????????? ????????? 6,6 ?, ???????? - 77 ?, ?????? ?????? 352,4 ?³: ??????? ????????????? 434 - 437 ?? ( ???????-?????? ), ??????? 50°: ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????????

?????? ???????????? ( ????? ?????? , ??? ?????? , ????? ?????? ) ??????????? 28 ?? (24.05.1973 - 22.06.1973) ? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????????

??????? ???????????? ???? ???? , ??? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? 28.07.1973 ? ????????? ????????? ????? 59 ???

?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ( ?????? ???? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ) ????????? 1973 ??????? ????????? 16-?? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? - 84 ???

????? ???? (1972-2011 ??.) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ????????????? ???????? ( ????. ? Space Transportation System ), ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ( ????. ? Space shuttle - ?????????? ????? ), ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????
?????????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ????? 100 ?????? ??????, ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? 2011 ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ? ≪?????????≫ ?????? 39 ??????
??????? ???????? ? 2011 ????????, ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ≪????????≫ ?????? ???????? ???? 2011 ?. ??????? 21-???

?????????? ???????????? (1993 ?.-????? ???) [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ???????????? ? (?????? ???, ???????? ` International Space Station, ?????` ISS, ???????? ` Междунаро?дная косми?ческая ста?нция, ?????` МКС) ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??
??????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????, ???? ???????? ???-2 ??????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????

??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? :

? ? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? Records Accidents and incidents ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight ??????? en Astronomy Earth observation ????????????? Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????? Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather ????????? ???????????? en ???????? ??????????? Life support system ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? Extravehicular activity ???????????? Space tourism ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? Apollo?Soyuz ????? ???? ??? Shuttle?Mir ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? Tiangong ??????????? ???????? Effect of spaceflight on the human body ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing ???????????? ???? ????? ????? Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? Lander Rover Self-replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion ????????? ?????? Electric propulsion ??????? ??????? Gravity assist ????????? ???? Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? en Direct ascent ??????? ?????????? ??????????? Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch ???????????? ????????? ?????? en Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center ?????????? ??????????????????   CoNAE   ???   ???   ????   ???   CNES   DLR   ????   LAPAN   ???   ???   ???   ????   ?????   ?????   ?????   ?????????   ????   ?????   ????   ????   ?????????   ??????

??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? 3.0 (Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0) ???? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????   ( ?? 12, ?? 516 )?